Acute kidney injury in pediatric patients.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is highly prevalent among hospitalized children, especially those who are critically ill. The incorporation of pediatric elements into consensus definitions has led to a greater understanding of pediatric AKI epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes. The best available data suggest that AKI occurs in 5% and 27% of non-critically ill and critically ill children, respectively. Additionally, AKI and fluid overload are independently associated with worse outcomes including mortality. Currently, the diagnosis of AKI relies upon urine output and creatinine measurements, both of which pose unique problems in children. However, novel biomarker discovery and new risk stratification techniques have led to enhanced detection and diagnostic strategies. Although no specific treatments exist, strategies designed to prevent AKI are being developed and there is growing evidence that early detection may improve outcomes. We hope that advances in AKI management will follow the diagnostic innovations seen in the past decade.