Synthesis of Novel Class of N-Alkyl-isatin-3-iminobenzoic Acid Derivatives and Their Biological Activity in Zebrafish Embryos and Human Cancer Cell Lines.

Isatin (1H-indole-2,3-dione) and many of its derivatives are reported to have pharmacological properties. In this study, we report the synthesis and biological activity of a new class of N-alkyl-isatin-3-iminobenzoic acid derivatives prepared via the condensation of N-alkyl isatin with 4-aminobenzoic acid by conventional, microwave, and ultrasonic methods. Microwave irradiation yielded the products in a shorter reaction time with higher yields and purities. The compounds were screened in zebrafish embryos, and also in three human cancer cell lines (MCF7, HepG2, and Jurkat) and one normal human cell line i.e., human foreskin cell line (HFF-1). Two compounds (3c, 3f) were found to be highly effective against hematopoiesis in live zebrafish embryo at 10 µM concentration. The developmental stage-dependent treatment indicated that these compounds interfered with the differentiation of hemangioblasts to hematopoietic cells in zebrafish embryos. The comparative screening of semaxanib (SU5416) (a known isatin derivatives), to compounds synthesized in this study, revealed the contrasting effects of these two classes of isatin derivatives on zebrafish hematopoiesis. Most of the N-alkyl-isatin-3-iminobenzoic acid derivatives were toxic on cancer and non-cancer tested human cells lines, however, the compounds 3c and 3f specifically affected the cell viability of Jurkat cells (human hematological cell line) with least IC values of 16.5 and 7.8 µM. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis indicated that the substitution pattern of the isatin at the 5-position was vital for activity. The in vivo and in vitro biological activities of these compounds suggested their potential use as pharmaceutical compounds for human leukemia treatment.