Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona.
Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
Am Psychol. 2017 Dec;72(9):1019-1030. doi: 10.1037/amp0000233.
Internationally and in the United States many victims of sexual assault and domestic violence are unserved, underserved, or ill-served, especially those from the most vulnerable populations. Programs developed in the United States are routinely exported to developing countries but often without success. Notably, the failures seen internationally resemble those in the United States and are related to structural and attitudinal-cultural factors. Many victims do not disclose, and if they do seek services, they often report that available options mismatch their objectives, present accessibility challenges, disempower their pursuit of justice, and fail to augment needed resources. A deeper understanding of obstacles to effective service provision is needed if the United States is to continue to be an international partner in victim response and violence prevention. This article builds on what is known about service delivery challenges in U.S. programs to envision a path forward that concomitantly accommodates anticipation of shrinking resources, by (a) reviewing illustrative services and feedback from victims about utilizing them; (b) examining structural inequalities and the intersections of personal and contextual features that both increase vulnerability to victimization and decrease accessibility and acceptability of services; (c) advocating for reintroduction of direct victim voice into response planning to enhance reach and relevance; and (d) reorienting delivery systems, community partnerships, and Coordinated Community Response teams. The authors suggest as the way forward pairing direct victim voice with open-minded listening to expressed priorities, especially in vulnerable populations, and designing services accordingly. Through a process that prioritizes adaptation to diverse needs and cultures, U.S models can increase desirability, equity, and thrift at home as well as enhance international relevance. (PsycINFO Database Record
在国际上和美国，许多性侵犯和家庭暴力的受害者没有得到服务、服务不足或服务不佳，尤其是那些来自最弱势群体的受害者。在美国开发的项目通常被出口到发展中国家，但往往没有成功。值得注意的是，国际上的失败与美国的失败类似，与结构性和态度文化因素有关。许多受害者没有披露，如果他们寻求服务，他们经常报告说可用的选择与他们的目标不匹配，存在可及性挑战，剥夺了他们追求正义的权力，并且未能增加所需的资源。如果美国要继续成为受害者应对和暴力预防的国际合作伙伴，就需要更深入地了解有效服务提供的障碍。本文以美国项目中服务提供挑战的已知情况为基础，设想了一条前进的道路，同时考虑到资源减少的预期，（a）审查说明性服务和受害者利用这些服务的反馈；（b）审查结构性不平等以及个人和背景特征的交叉点，这些特征既增加了受害的脆弱性，又降低了服务的可及性和可接受性；（c）倡导将直接受害者的声音重新引入反应规划，以增强影响力和相关性；（d）重新调整交付系统、社区伙伴关系和协调社区反应小组。作者建议，前进的道路是将直接受害者的声音与对表达优先事项的开放心态倾听相结合，尤其是在弱势群体中，并相应地设计服务。通过一个优先考虑适应不同需求和文化的过程，美国模式可以在国内提高吸引力、公平性和节俭性，同时增强国际相关性。
