Allium micronucleus (MNC) assay to assess bioavailability, bioconcentration and genotoxicity of mercury from solid waste deposits of a chloralkali plant, and antagonism of L-cysteine.

Samples of solid waste from a chloralkali plant were bioassayed employing the Allium micronucleus (MNC) assay. The endpoints measured were root length, root mercury and frequency of root meristematic cells with MNC. Chemical extraction methods such as 10% HNO3, ammonium acetate-EDTA and 0.05 or 0.1 M CaCl2 were used to assess the bioavailability of mercury from soil contaminated with solid waste. Analysis of mercury was by cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The frequency of MNC induced by contaminated soil, which followed a concentration-response curve, was statistically correlated with soil mercury, extractable mercury and root mercury. The antagonism of L-cysteine against the suppression of root growth and induction of MNC by solid waste suggested the involvement of mercury as well as thiol groups in the process. The threshold assessment values, such as the median effective concentration (EC50) for root growth, gross toxicity concentration tested (GTCT) as indicated by complete inhibition of sprouting of roots, lowest effective concentration tested (LECT) and highest ineffective concentration tested (HICT) for induction of MNC, were determined. These assessment values may be useful for environmental management and regulatory purposes. Furthermore, the detection limit of the Allium MNC assay for solid waste mercury as indicated by LECT was 9.6 mg kg-1 which corresponded to 0.13 mg kg-1 of 0.05 M CaCl2 extractable or 8.3 mg kg-1 dry weight bioconcentrated mercury.