Agne Michelle C, Beedlow Peter A, Shaw David C, Woodruff David R, Lee E Henry, Cline Steven P, Comeleo Randy L
Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, 280 Peavy Hall, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 200 SW 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97333, USA.
For Ecol Manage. 2018 Feb 1;409:317-332. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.004.
Forest disturbance regimes are beginning to show evidence of climate-mediated changes, such as increasing severity of droughts and insect outbreaks. We review the major insects and pathogens affecting the disturbance regime for coastal Douglas-fir forests in western Oregon and Washington State, USA, and ask how future climate changes may influence their role in disturbance ecology. Although the physiological constraints of light, temperature, and moisture largely control tree growth, episodic and chronic disturbances interacting with biological factors have substantial impacts on the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems in this region. Understanding insect and disease interactions is critical to predicting forest response to climate change and the consequences for ecosystem services, such as timber, clean water, fish and wildlife. We focused on future predictions for warmer wetter winters, hotter drier summers, and elevated atmospheric CO to hypothesize the response of Douglas-fir forests to the major insects and diseases influencing this forest type: Douglas-fir beetle, Swiss needle cast, black stain root disease, and laminated root rot. We hypothesize that 1) Douglas-fir beetle and black stain root disease could become more prevalent with increasing, fire, temperature stress, and moisture stress, 2) future impacts of Swiss needle cast are difficult to predict due to uncertainties in May-July leaf wetness, but warmer winters could contribute to intensification at higher elevations, and 3) laminated root rot will be influenced primarily by forest management, rather than climatic change. Furthermore, these biotic disturbance agents interact in complex ways that are poorly understood. Consequently, to inform management decisions, insect and disease influences on disturbance regimes must be characterized specifically by forest type and region in order to accurately capture these interactions in light of future climate-mediated changes.
森林干扰格局已开始呈现出受气候介导变化的迹象，比如干旱和虫害爆发的严重程度不断增加。我们回顾了影响美国俄勒冈州西部和华盛顿州沿海花旗松森林干扰格局的主要昆虫和病原体，并探讨未来气候变化可能如何影响它们在干扰生态学中的作用。尽管光照、温度和水分的生理限制在很大程度上控制着树木生长，但与生物因素相互作用的偶发性和长期性干扰对该地区森林生态系统的结构和功能有着重大影响。了解昆虫与疾病之间的相互作用对于预测森林对气候变化的反应以及对生态系统服务（如木材、清洁水源、鱼类和野生动物）的影响至关重要。我们聚焦于对更温暖湿润的冬季、更炎热干燥的夏季以及大气二氧化碳浓度升高的未来预测，以推测花旗松森林对影响该森林类型的主要昆虫和疾病的反应：花旗松甲虫、瑞士针叶枯病、黑根腐病和层状根腐病。我们推测：1）随着火灾、温度胁迫和水分胁迫增加，花旗松甲虫和黑根腐病可能会变得更加普遍；2）由于5月至7月叶片湿度存在不确定性，瑞士针叶枯病的未来影响难以预测，但更温暖的冬季可能会导致高海拔地区病情加剧；3）层状根腐病将主要受森林管理影响，而非气候变化。此外，这些生物干扰因素以复杂的方式相互作用，而我们对此了解甚少。因此，为了为管理决策提供依据，必须根据森林类型和区域具体描述昆虫和疾病对干扰格局的影响，以便在未来气候介导的变化情况下准确捕捉这些相互作用。
