Farming Systems Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Agronomy, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
Farming Systems Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan.
J Environ Manage. 2018 Mar 1;209:195-204. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.035. Epub 2018 Jan 4.
This study examined the influences of three potential additives, i.e., lava meal, sandy soil top-layer and zeolite (used in animal bedding) amended solid cattle manures on (i) ammonia (NH), dinitrous oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO) and methane (CH) emissions and (ii) maize crop or grassland apparent N recovery (ANR). Diffusion samplers were installed at 20 cm height on grassland surface to measure the concentrations of NH from the manures. A photoacoustic gas monitor was used to quantitate the fluxes of NO, CH and CO after manures' incorporation into the maize-field. Herbage ANR was calculated from dry matter yield and N uptake of three successive harvests, while maize crop ANR was determined at cusp of juvenile stage, outset of grain filling as well as physiological maturity stages. Use of additives decreased the NH emission rates by about two-third from the manures applied on grassland surface than control untreated-manure. Total herbage ANR was more than doubled in treated manures and was 25% from manure amended with farm soil, 26% and 28% from zeolite and lava meal, respectively compared to 11% from control manure. In maize experiment, mean NO and CO emission rates were the highest from the latter treatment but these rates were not differed from zero control in case of manures amended with farm soil or zeolite. However, mean CH emissions was not differed among all treatments during the whole measuring period. The highest maize crop ANR was obtained at the beginning of grain filling stage (11-40%), however ample lower crop recoveries (8-14%) were achieved at the final physiological maturity stage. This phenomenon was occurred due to leaf senescence N losses from maize crop during the period of grains filling. The lowest losses were observed from control manure at this stage. Hence, all additives decreased the N losses from animal manure and enhanced crop N uptake thus improved the agro-environmental worth of animal manure.
本研究考察了三种潜在添加剂（熔岩粉、表土层沙土和沸石，用于动物垫料）对（i）氨（NH）、二氧化氮（NO）、二氧化碳（CO）和甲烷（CH）排放以及（ii）玉米作物或草地表观氮回收（ANR）的影响。在草地表面 20 厘米高处安装扩散采样器，以测量粪便中的 NH 浓度。使用光声气体监测仪在将粪便掺入玉米地后定量测定 NO、CH 和 CO 的通量。通过三次连续收获的干物质产量和 N 吸收量计算草地的 ANR，而玉米作物的 ANR 则在幼年期、灌浆期和生理成熟期的拐点处确定。与对照未处理的粪便相比，添加剂的使用将粪便施用于草地表面时的 NH 排放率降低了约三分之二。处理过的粪便中的总草 ANR 增加了一倍以上，而添加农田土壤的粪便中的 ANR 为 25%，沸石和熔岩粉的粪便中的 ANR 分别为 26%和 28%，而对照粪便中的 ANR 为 11%。在玉米试验中，最后一种处理的平均 NO 和 CO 排放率最高，但在添加农田土壤或沸石的粪便中，这些排放率与零对照没有差异。然而，在整个测量期间，所有处理之间的平均 CH 排放没有差异。在灌浆期开始时获得了最高的玉米作物 ANR（11-40%），然而在最终的生理成熟期获得了更充足的低作物回收率（8-14%）。这种现象是由于在灌浆期期间玉米作物叶片衰老导致的 N 损失引起的。在这个阶段，对照粪便的损失最低。因此，所有添加剂都减少了动物粪便中的 N 损失，提高了作物对 N 的吸收，从而提高了动物粪便的农业环境价值。
