Penn State Wilkes-Barre, Lehman, USA.
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA.
J Interpers Violence. 2021 Jan;36(1-2):552-578. doi: 10.1177/0886260517730028. Epub 2017 Sep 4.
Anderson's thesis of a code of the street has been broadly applied to the study of violence, but race- and gender-specific multilevel analyses of gun violence are scant within the literature. An unresolved debate also surrounds the link between violent victimization and adherence to street culture; underscored by an apparent reputation-victimization paradox among those who engage in street behaviors. The current study contributes to the literature by assessing the direct influence of incident setting and victim-offender familiarity on the likelihood of gun use by Black males in the course of aggravated assaults; and the degree to which the confluence of these factors is conditioned by levels of disadvantage and violence in the community. To accomplish this, we apply hierarchical generalized linear modeling to incident-level data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System in conjunction with contextual-level data from the counties in which the incidents are nested. Our findings suggest victim-offender familiarity and public settings are negatively associated with gun violence and the confluence of these factors further reduces the probability of gun use. This relationship, however, is conditioned by levels of disadvantage and violence in the community, providing preliminary evidence of both the violence increasing and decreasing effects of street culture hypothesized by Anderson.
安德森的街头准则理论被广泛应用于暴力研究，但在文献中，针对枪支暴力的种族和性别多层次分析却很少。在那些从事街头行为的人中，暴力受害与遵守街头文化之间的联系也存在争议，这突显了明显的声誉-受害悖论。本研究通过评估事件背景和受害者-犯罪者熟悉程度对黑人男性在加重攻击过程中使用枪支的可能性的直接影响，以及这些因素的融合程度受到社区中劣势和暴力水平的影响，为文献做出了贡献。为此，我们应用层次广义线性模型，将事件层面的数据与来自事件嵌套的县的上下文层面的数据结合起来。我们的研究结果表明，受害者-犯罪者熟悉程度和公共环境与枪支暴力呈负相关，而这些因素的融合进一步降低了枪支使用的可能性。然而，这种关系受到社区劣势和暴力水平的限制，为安德森假设的街头文化的增加和减少暴力效应提供了初步证据。
