Cappelle Delphine, De Keukeleire Steven, Neels Hugo, Been Frederic, De Doncker Mireille, Dom Geert, Crunelle Cleo L, Covaci Adrian, van Nuijs Alexander L N
Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Eeklo, Belgium.
Drug Test Anal. 2018 Jan 5. doi: 10.1002/dta.2356.
Keratinous matrices - hair and nails - accumulate substances over time and allow retrospective investigation of past consumption. Analysis of these matrices can provide information complementary to blood and urine analysis or can be used as standalone. So far, research has primarily focused on the detection of substances in hair, while studies in nails are scarce. In this study, we assessed concentrations of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in hair, fingernails, and toenails collected from the same individuals to evaluate differences and correlations between matrices. A total of 26 hair, 24 fingernail, and 18 toenail samples were collected. Samples were analysed by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method able to simultaneously detect the following compounds: amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, morphine (MOR), codeine (COD), 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), methadone (MTD), 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), and ecgonine methyl ester (EME). Strong positive correlations between hair, fingernails, and toenails were present for COC, BE, EME, AMP and MDMA. MOR, COD, 6-MAM, MTD and EDDP showed positive trends. Concentrations were generally higher in nails compared to hair. Ratios between parent compounds and their metabolites were assessed for 6-MAM/MOR, EDDP/MTD, BE/COC and EME/COC. Preliminary cut-off concentrations for COC, BE, EME and AMP in fingernails and toenails were proposed. In light of these results, nails can be considered as a useful alternative to hair for monitoring of long-term drug consumption. However, care should be taken regarding the variability in the accumulation of compounds between the matrices.
角蛋白基质——头发和指甲——会随着时间积累物质，从而可以对过去的摄入情况进行回顾性调查。对这些基质的分析能够提供补充血液和尿液分析的信息，或者可单独使用。到目前为止，研究主要集中在检测头发中的物质，而关于指甲的研究较少。在本研究中，我们评估了从同一受试者收集的头发、手指甲和脚趾甲中滥用药物及其代谢物的浓度，以评估不同基质之间的差异和相关性。共收集了26份头发样本、24份手指甲样本和18份脚趾甲样本。采用经过验证的液相色谱-串联质谱法对样本进行分析，该方法能够同时检测以下化合物：苯丙胺（AMP）、甲基苯丙胺、3,4-亚甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺（摇头丸）、3,4-亚甲基二氧基乙基苯丙胺、吗啡（MOR）、可待因（COD）、6-单乙酰吗啡（6-MAM）、美沙酮（MTD）、2-亚乙基-1,5-二甲基-3,3-二苯基吡咯烷（EDDP）、可卡因（COC）、苯甲酰芽子碱（BE）和芽子碱甲酯（EME）。COC、BE、EME、AMP和摇头丸在头发、手指甲和脚趾甲之间存在强正相关。MOR、COD、6-MAM、MTD和EDDP呈正相关趋势。指甲中的浓度通常高于头发。评估了6-MAM/MOR、EDDP/MTD、BE/COC和EME/COC中母体化合物与其代谢物之间的比例。提出了手指甲和脚趾甲中COC、BE、EME和AMP的初步截断浓度。鉴于这些结果，指甲可被视为监测长期药物摄入的头发的有用替代物。然而，应注意不同基质之间化合物积累的变异性。
