Afzal Muhammad, Alghamdi Salem Safer, Habib Ur Rahman Muhammad, Ahmad Awais, Farooq Tahir, Alam Mukhtar, Khan Imtiaz Ali, Ullah Hidayat, Nasim Wajid, Fahad Shah
Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Agronomy, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan.
Biotechnol Lett. 2018 Mar;40(3):479-492. doi: 10.1007/s10529-018-2510-y. Epub 2018 Jan 17.
As PCR methods have improved over the last 15 years, there has been an upsurge in the number of new DNA marker tools, which has allowed the generation of high-density molecular maps for all the key Brassica crop types. Biotechnology and molecular plant breeding have emerged as a significant tool for molecular understanding that led to a significant crop improvement in the Brassica napus species. Brassica napus possess a very complicated polyploidy-based genomics. The quantitative trait locus (QTL) is not sufficient to develop effective markers for trait introgression. In the coming years, the molecular marker techniques will be more effective to determine the whole genome impairing desired traits. Available genetic markers using the single-nucleotide sequence (SNP) technique and high-throughput sequencing are effective in determining the maps and genome polymorphisms amongst candidate genes and allele interactions. High-throughput sequencing and gene mapping techniques are involved in discovering new alleles and gene pairs, serving as a bridge between the gene map and genome evaluation. The decreasing cost for DNA sequencing will help in discovering full genome sequences with less resources and time. This review describes (1) the current use of integrated approaches, such as molecular marker technologies, to determine genome arrangements and interspecific outcomes combined with cost-effective genomes to increase the efficiency in prognostic breeding efforts. (2) It also focused on functional genomics, proteomics and field-based breeding practices to achieve insight into the genetics underlying both simple and complex traits in canola.
在过去15年里，随着聚合酶链式反应（PCR）方法的改进，新的DNA标记工具数量激增，这使得为所有主要甘蓝型作物类型生成高密度分子图谱成为可能。生物技术和分子植物育种已成为一种重要的分子理解工具，促使甘蓝型油菜作物有了显著改良。甘蓝型油菜拥有基于非常复杂的多倍体的基因组学。数量性状基因座（QTL）不足以开发用于性状渗入的有效标记。在未来几年，分子标记技术将更有效地确定影响所需性状的整个基因组。利用单核苷酸序列（SNP）技术和高通量测序的现有遗传标记在确定候选基因和等位基因相互作用之间的图谱及基因组多态性方面很有效。高通量测序和基因定位技术参与发现新的等位基因和基因对，在基因图谱和基因组评估之间架起一座桥梁。DNA测序成本的降低将有助于用更少的资源和时间发现全基因组序列。本综述描述了：（1）当前综合方法的应用，如分子标记技术，结合经济高效的基因组来确定基因组排列和种间结果，以提高预测育种工作的效率。（2）它还侧重于功能基因组学、蛋白质组学和基于田间的育种实践，以深入了解油菜简单和复杂性状的遗传基础。
