Functional plasticity of the gut and the Malpighian tubules underlies cold acclimation and mitigates cold-induced hyperkalemia in .

At low temperatures, , like most insects, lose the ability to regulate ion and water balance across the gut epithelia, which can lead to a lethal increase of [K] in the hemolymph (hyperkalemia). Cold acclimation, the physiological response to a prior low temperature exposure, can mitigate or entirely prevent these ion imbalances, but the physiological mechanisms that facilitate this process are not well understood. Here, we test whether plasticity in the ionoregulatory physiology of the gut and Malpighian tubules of may aid in preserving ion homeostasis in the cold. Upon adult emergence, females were subjected to 7 days at warm (25°C) or cold (10°C) acclimation conditions. The cold-acclimated flies had a lower critical thermal minimum (CT), recovered from chill coma more quickly, and better maintained hemolymph K balance in the cold. The improvements in chill tolerance coincided with increased Malpighian tubule fluid secretion and better maintenance of K secretion rates in the cold, as well as reduced rectal K reabsorption in cold-acclimated flies. To test whether modulation of ion-motive ATPases, the main drivers of epithelial transport in the alimentary canal, mediate these changes, we measured the activities of Na/K-ATPase and V-type H-ATPase at the Malpighian tubules, midgut, and hindgut. Na/K-ATPase and V-type H-ATPase activities were lower in the midgut and the Malpighian tubules of cold-acclimated flies, but unchanged in the hindgut of cold-acclimated flies, and were not predictive of the observed alterations in K transport. Our results suggest that modification of Malpighian tubule and gut ion and water transport probably prevents cold-induced hyperkalemia in cold-acclimated flies, and that this process is not directly related to the activities of the main drivers of ion transport in these organs, Na/K- and V-type H-ATPases.