On the correct use of stepped-sine excitations for the measurement of time-varying bioimpedance.

Many electrochemical/bioelectrochemical systems are intrinsically nonstationary and are affected by time-dependent phenomena. The requirement of stationarity in the classical version of impedance spectroscopy appears to be in conflict with the essential properties of the object, therefore a post-experimental mathematical/analytical procedure is necessary for the reconstruction of the 'true' impedance spectra. In this communication, a method for the correction of the impedance data is discussed.