Developmental Neurology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy.
Developmental Neurology Division, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy.
Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2018 Mar;22(2):321-326. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.01.009. Epub 2018 Jan 12.
Basal ganglia are subcortical structures specialized at very early age, functionally different according to the right or left side. They are part of complex distributed network composed by parallel segregated loops where specific information are processed and open loops where different information are integrated. These loops are connected to specialized cortical areas thus entering into distributed processing of higher order cognitive functions and behaviours. Lesion or malfunction of basal ganglia nuclei cause deficits in different neuropsychological functions and neurobehavioural diseases, such Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Tourette syndrome, etc., for the reciprocal connections from and to the limbic system and the frontal system. Basal ganglia have a computational functioning, working by activation and inhibition sequences, coded in time and space and regulated by inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms, with such accuracy to guarantee an effective and elegant product.
基底神经节是在非常早期就特化的皮质下结构，根据左右侧的不同而具有不同的功能。它们是由平行分离的回路组成的复杂分布式网络的一部分，在这些回路中处理特定的信息，同时整合不同的信息。这些回路与特定的皮质区域相连，从而参与到更高阶认知功能和行为的分布式处理中。基底神经节核团的损伤或功能障碍会导致不同的神经心理学功能障碍和神经行为疾病，如自闭症谱系障碍、注意力缺陷/多动障碍、妥瑞氏症等，这是由于它们与边缘系统和前额叶系统之间的相互连接所致。基底神经节具有计算功能，通过激活和抑制序列进行工作，这些序列在时间和空间上进行编码，并受到抑制和兴奋机制的调节，其精确程度足以保证有效的和优雅的产物。
