School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
School of Sport, Health & Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom.
Psychophysiology. 2018 Jul;55(7):e13070. doi: 10.1111/psyp.13070. Epub 2018 Feb 9.
Eye-tracking research has revealed that, compared to novices, experts make longer ocular fixations on the target of an action when performing motor skills; that is, they have a longer quiet eye. Remarkably, the reason why a longer quiet eye aids movement has yet to be established. There is a need for interdisciplinary research and new measures to accelerate progress on the mechanistic understanding of the phenomenon. With the aim to provide researchers with new tools, we assessed the utility of electrooculography (EOG) to examine ocular activity while 10 experts and 10 novices putted golf balls. We measured quiet eye durations, distinguishing its pre- and postmovement initiation components, and developed a novel time-varying index of ocular activity, eye quietness, computed as the variability of the EOG in short time intervals: lower values correspond with greater quietness. Finally, we measured movement durations using a combination of infrared and sound sensors. Experts had longer postmovement initiation quiet eye compared to novices; however, total and premovement quiet eye durations did not differ between groups. Eye quietness was inversely correlated with quiet eye duration, and was greatest immediately after movement initiation. Importantly, movement duration correlated positively with postmovement initiation quiet eye and negatively with eye quietness shortly after movement initiation. This study demonstrates the utility of assessing ocular activity during performance of motor skills using EOG. Additionally, these findings provide evidence that expert-novice differences in ocular activity may reflect differences in the kinematics (e.g., movement duration) of how experts and novices execute motor skills.
眼动追踪研究表明，与新手相比，专家在执行运动技能时，会在动作的目标上进行更长时间的眼动注视，也就是说，他们有更长的静眼时间。值得注意的是，为什么更长的静眼时间有助于运动，这一原因尚未确定。需要进行跨学科研究和采用新的措施，以加速对这一现象的机械理解的研究进展。为了给研究人员提供新的工具，我们评估了眼电图（EOG）在 10 名专家和 10 名新手打高尔夫球时检查眼球活动的效用。我们测量了静眼时间，区分了其在运动启动前和启动后的组成部分，并开发了一种新的眼球活动时变指数，即眼静度，计算方法为短时间间隔内 EOG 的可变性：较低的值对应更高的静度。最后，我们使用红外和声音传感器的组合测量了运动时间。与新手相比，专家在运动启动后有更长的静眼时间；然而，总静眼时间和启动前静眼时间在两组之间没有差异。眼静度与静眼时间呈负相关，并且在运动启动后立即达到最大值。重要的是，运动时间与运动启动后静眼时间呈正相关，与运动启动后不久的眼静度呈负相关。这项研究表明，使用 EOG 评估运动技能表现期间眼球活动的效用。此外，这些发现提供了证据，表明眼球活动的专家-新手差异可能反映了专家和新手执行运动技能的运动学（例如运动时间）差异。
