Novikov S M, Fokin M V, Unguryanu T N
Gig Sanit. 2016;95(8):711-6.
Paramount problems of the development of the assessment of population health risks associated with the chemical exposure in Russia are considered on the ground of critical analysis of reports devoted to methodological issues of the risk assessment and guidelines published since 2010. Causes of the lack in progress of risk assessment are discussed. The information of executed research revealed the significant retardation number of Russian publications devoted to the evidence-based health risk assessment compare to worldwide trend. The analysis of publications according to evidence-based health risk assessment in Russia in 1998 - 2012 demonstrated methodical problems to be leading to the underestimation of the real risk to population’s health. There are demonstrated directions in the renewal of methodology and practice of hygienic standardization on the basis of the risk assessment. The comparative analysis of values of uncertainty factors (modifying factors, conversion factors) used for extrapolation and accepted in different countries and organizations was made. The system of extrapolation coefficients of DNEL (Derive No-Effect Level) is presented. The leading principles of modern toxicology and risk assessment based on strict scientific proofs are showed. Criteria of evidence-based toxicology and risk assessment are presented.Among actual problems which demand their decision there are considered: the assessment of combined action in regulatory toxicology; expansion of spheres of the application of health risk assessment methodology; the improvement ofpreparation and certification of experts in the field of health risk assessment; need of check of dispersion models and their replacement by more modern models; the improvement of exposure assessment with taking into account the international requirements; the assessment of regional exposure factors; expansion of atmospheric air monitoring in all the large cities of Russia.
基于对2010年以来发布的有关风险评估方法问题的报告和指南的批判性分析，探讨了俄罗斯与化学物质暴露相关的人群健康风险评估发展中的首要问题。讨论了风险评估进展不足的原因。已开展研究的信息显示，与全球趋势相比，俄罗斯致力于循证健康风险评估的出版物数量显著滞后。对1998 - 2012年俄罗斯循证健康风险评估出版物的分析表明，方法问题导致对人群健康实际风险的低估。展示了基于风险评估的卫生标准化方法和实践更新的方向。对不同国家和组织用于外推并采用的不确定性因素（修正因素、转换因素）值进行了比较分析。给出了推导无效应水平（DNEL）的外推系数系统。展示了基于严格科学证据的现代毒理学和风险评估的主要原则。提出了循证毒理学和风险评估的标准。在需要解决的实际问题中，考虑了以下方面：监管毒理学中联合作用的评估；健康风险评估方法应用领域的扩展；健康风险评估领域专家培训和认证的改进；对扩散模型进行检验并以更现代的模型替代它们的必要性；考虑国际要求改进暴露评估；区域暴露因素的评估；扩大俄罗斯所有大城市的大气监测。
