Academic Assembly, Institute of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.
Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Feb 11;19(2):544. doi: 10.3390/ijms19020544.
Plant chloroplasts originate from the symbiotic relationship between ancient free-living cyanobacteria and ancestral eukaryotic cells. Since the discovery of the bacterial derivative gene-which encodes a tubulin homolog responsible for the formation of the chloroplast inner division ring (Z ring)-in the genome in 1995, many components of the chloroplast division machinery were successively identified. The knowledge of these components continues to expand; however, the mode of action of the chloroplast dividing system remains unknown (compared to bacterial cell division), owing to the complexities faced in in planta analyses. To date, yeast and bacterial heterologous expression systems have been developed for the reconstitution of Z ring-like structures formed by chloroplast FtsZ. In this review, we especially focus on recent progress of our bacterial system using the model bacterium to dissect and understand the chloroplast division machinery-an evolutionary hybrid structure composed of both bacterial (inner) and host-derived (outer) components.
植物叶绿体起源于古代自由生活的蓝细菌和祖先真核细胞之间的共生关系。自 1995 年在叶绿体基因组中发现编码负责形成叶绿体内部分裂环（Z 环）的微管蛋白同源物的细菌衍生基因以来，许多叶绿体分裂机制的成分相继被鉴定出来。尽管如此，由于在植物体内分析中面临的复杂性，叶绿体分裂系统的作用模式仍然未知（与细菌细胞分裂相比）。迄今为止，已经开发了酵母和细菌异源表达系统，用于重建由叶绿体 FtsZ 形成的 Z 环样结构。在这篇综述中，我们特别关注使用模式细菌的细菌系统的最新进展，以剖析和理解叶绿体分裂机制——一种由细菌（内部）和宿主衍生（外部）成分组成的进化杂种结构。
