Rosenthal Lisa, Lobel Marci
Psychology Department, Pace University, New York, NY, USA.
Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
Ethn Health. 2020 Apr;25(3):367-392. doi: 10.1080/13557858.2018.1439896. Epub 2018 Feb 15.
To understand health disparities, it is important to use an intersectional framework that examines unique experiences of oppression faced by particular groups due to their intersecting identities and social positions linked to societal structures. We focus on Black and Latina women and their experiences with 'gendered racism' - unique forms of oppression due to the intersection of race/ethnicity and gender - to foster understanding of disparities between Black and Latina versus White women in sexual and reproductive health outcomes in the U.S. Specifically, we focus on stereotype-related gendered racism (ongoing discrimination and stereotype threat based on historically-rooted stereotypes about Black and Latina women's sexuality and motherhood) and birth control-related mistrust (ongoing mistrust of the government and medical system related to birth control due to historical and current abuses). We analyzed data from two survey studies with adult women in New York (Study 1: paper-and-pencil community data collection, = 135, = 43.35) and across the U.S. (Study 2: online data collection, = 343, = 29.49) who were currently pregnant or had at least one child and identified as Black, Latina, or White. Black and Latina women reported greater frequency of and concern over stereotype-related gendered racism ((3,131) = 17.90, < .001 Study 1; (3,339) = 22.23, < .001 Study 2) and greater birth control-related mistrust ((3,131) = 7.55, < .001 Study 1; (3,339) = 17.32, < .001 Study 2) than White women did. In turn, stereotype-related gendered racism was positively associated with pregnancy-specific stress (.40, < .001 Study 1; .33, < .001 Study 2), and birth control-related mistrust was negatively associated with sexual relationship power (-.19, = .002 Study 2), which are factors known to contribute to birth outcomes and sexual risk, respectively. Findings suggest that gendered racism may play an important role in existing racial/ethnic disparities in women's sexual and reproductive health outcomes, and interventions addressing gendered racism at multiple levels are needed to promote health equity.
为了理解健康差异，使用一个交叉性框架很重要，该框架考察特定群体因其交叉身份以及与社会结构相关的社会地位而面临的独特压迫经历。我们聚焦于黑人女性和拉丁裔女性以及她们的“性别化种族主义”经历——种族/族裔与性别的交叉所导致的独特压迫形式——以促进对美国黑人女性、拉丁裔女性与白人女性在性健康和生殖健康结果方面差异的理解。具体而言，我们关注与刻板印象相关的性别化种族主义（基于对黑人女性和拉丁裔女性的性特征及母亲身份的历史刻板印象而产生的持续歧视和刻板印象威胁）以及与节育相关的不信任（由于历史和当前的滥用行为而对政府和医疗系统在节育方面持续存在的不信任）。我们分析了两项针对纽约成年女性（研究1：纸笔社区数据收集，(n = 135)，(M = 43.35)）以及全美国成年女性（研究2：在线数据收集，(n = 343)，(M = 29.49)）的调查研究数据，这些女性目前怀孕或至少育有一个孩子，且自我认同为黑人、拉丁裔或白人。黑人女性和拉丁裔女性报告称，与刻板印象相关的性别化种族主义的发生频率和担忧程度更高（研究1：((3,131) = 17.90)，(p <.001)；研究2：((3,339) = 22.23)，(p <.001)），与节育相关的不信任程度也更高（研究1：((3,131) = 7.55)，(p <.001)；研究2：((3,339) = 17.32)，(p <.001)），均高于白人女性。相应地，与刻板印象相关的性别化种族主义与特定孕期压力呈正相关（研究1：(r =.40)，(p <.001)；研究2：(r =.33)，(p <.001)），而与节育相关的不信任与性关系权力呈负相关（研究2：(r = -.19)，(p =.002)），这两个因素分别已知会对生育结果和性风险产生影响。研究结果表明，性别化种族主义可能在女性性健康和生殖健康结果现有的种族/族裔差异中发挥重要作用，需要在多个层面采取应对性别化种族主义的干预措施来促进健康公平。
