Characterization of a SUPERMAN-like Gene, MdSUP11, in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.).

Arabidopsis SUPERMAN and its family members of its family play important roles in plant growth and floral organ development; yet much less is known about their functions expanding in apple tree development. Previous work has identified 12 SUP-like genes in the apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) genome, and the MdSUP11 which is expressed in both vegetative and reproductive organs of apple. However, the function of MdSUP11 remains obscure. In this study, the β-glucuronidase expression driven by the MdSUP11 native promoter was detected in roots, young leaves, and floral organs of transgenic Arabidopsis. In transgenic tobacco, overexpression of MdSUP11 lead to dwarfism, aberrant leaf shapes, and morphological changes of floral organs. Endogenous concentrations of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid), abscisic acid, isopentenyl adenosine and zeatin riboside were significantly higher in young MdSUP11-transformed tobacco plants than in non-transformed plants. Gene expression analysis using real-time quantitative PCR showed up-regulation of NtDFR2 and NtANS1 expression in unopened transgenic flowers, whereas NtCHS expression was not changed significantly. Together, these results suggest that MdSUP11 is associated with apple's vegetative and reproductive development. Its overexpression in tobacco affects leaf and flower organ development and plant height; potentially by changing NtDFR2 and NtANS1 expression and endogenous levels of indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins and abscisic acid.