Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
Virus Res. 2018 Mar 15;248:5-12. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.02.013. Epub 2018 Feb 15.
Bats are natural reservoirs for a variety of emerging viruses that cause significant disease in humans and domestic animals yet rarely cause clinical disease in bats. The co-evolutionary history of bats with viruses has been hypothesized to have shaped the bat-virus relationship, allowing both to exist in equilibrium. Progress in understanding bat-virus interactions and the isolation of bat-borne viruses has been accelerated in recent years by the development of susceptible bat cell lines. Viral sequences similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV) have been detected in bats, and filoviruses such as Marburg virus have been isolated from bats, providing definitive evidence for the role of bats as the natural host reservoir. Although viruses can be readily detected in bats using molecular approaches, virus isolation is far more challenging. One of the limitations in using traditional culture systems from non-reservoir species is that cell types and culture conditions may not be compatible for isolation of bat-borne viruses. There is, therefore, a need to develop additional bat cell lines that correspond to different cell types, including less represented cell types such as immune cells, and culture them under more physiologically relevant conditions to study virus host interactions and for virus isolation. In this review, we highlight the current progress in understanding bat-virus interactions in bat cell line systems and some of the challenges and limitations associated with cell lines. Future directions to address some of these challenges to better understand host-pathogen interactions in these intriguing mammals are also discussed, not only in relation to viruses but also other pathogens carried by bats including bacteria and fungi.
蝙蝠是多种新兴病毒的天然宿主，这些病毒会导致人类和家畜严重疾病，但很少在蝙蝠中引起临床疾病。蝙蝠与病毒的共同进化历史被假设为塑造了蝙蝠-病毒的关系，使两者能够处于平衡状态。近年来，由于易感蝙蝠细胞系的发展，人们对蝙蝠-病毒相互作用的理解以及蝙蝠携带病毒的分离取得了进展。在蝙蝠中检测到与严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）相似的病毒序列，从蝙蝠中分离出马尔堡病毒等丝状病毒，为蝙蝠作为天然宿主储存库提供了明确的证据。虽然可以使用分子方法在蝙蝠中轻松检测到病毒，但病毒分离要困难得多。在使用非宿主物种的传统培养系统时的一个限制是，细胞类型和培养条件可能不适合分离蝙蝠携带的病毒。因此，需要开发更多与不同细胞类型相对应的蝙蝠细胞系，包括免疫细胞等代表性较低的细胞类型，并在更接近生理相关的条件下培养它们，以研究病毒-宿主相互作用和病毒分离。在这篇综述中，我们强调了目前在蝙蝠细胞系系统中理解蝙蝠-病毒相互作用的进展，以及与细胞系相关的一些挑战和限制。还讨论了未来解决这些挑战的一些方向，以便更好地理解这些有趣哺乳动物中的宿主-病原体相互作用，不仅与病毒有关，还与蝙蝠携带的其他病原体有关，包括细菌和真菌。
