Periodontol 2000. 2018 Jun;77(1):176-196. doi: 10.1111/prd.12211. Epub 2018 Feb 27.
Patient expectations from implant treatment have changed over the years and esthetics plays an important role in defining what is now called success of rehabilitation. Of the many factors that influence the outcome of the rehabilitation, the two main ones are the bone and soft-tissue deficiencies at the intended implant site. Many surgical approaches are described in terms of timing of implant placement and management of regenerative procedures. The aim of this article is to discuss the different implant placement alternatives in the esthetic area, in particular: (i) the timing of implant placement/regenerative procedures/skeletal growth/altered passive eruption; (ii) the correct three-dimensional position of the fixture between the cuspids and in the premolar area; (iii) multiple missing teeth in the esthetic area with single tooth/pontic or cantilevered options/prosthetic compensation; (iv) placement of implants into infected sites; and (v) the influence of abutment and crown morphology on implant position. Combining our long-standing clinical experience and the pertinent literature, the following conclusions can be drawn: Immediate implant placement can be a successful procedure in terms of esthetics but it is technique sensitive and requires an experienced team. Immediate placement is less traumatic to the patient as fewer surgical procedures are involved and patients tend to prefer this clinical approach with regards to quality of life. The diagnostic phase is of utmost importance, with not only bone and soft tissue deficiencies being addressed but also: skeletal growth, dental/implant soft tissue parameters such as altered passive eruption and the morphology of the roots adjacent to the edentulous area. Post-extraction immediate loading is feasible in infected sites. The correct position of the fixture should follow widely accepted guidelines but the abutment morphologies play a role in the vestibular/palatal position of the implant. The long axis of the implant, aiming at the incisal edge of the future restorations, is the most appropriate implant position when a shoulder-less abutment is used and allows a restorative crown morphology with a cervical contour resembling a natural tooth. The use of a shoulder-less abutment gives more space for the tissue to grow compared with the traditional abutment with shoulder finish line.
患者对种植治疗的期望多年来发生了变化,美观在定义现在所谓的修复成功中起着重要作用。在影响修复效果的众多因素中,两个主要因素是预期种植部位的骨和软组织不足。许多外科方法都是根据种植体放置的时间和再生程序的管理来描述的。本文的目的是讨论在美学区域中不同的种植体放置替代方案,特别是:(i)种植体放置/再生程序/骨骼生长/被动萌出改变的时间;(ii)在尖牙和前磨牙区域之间固定器的正确三维位置;(iii)在美学区域中多个缺失牙齿的单牙/桥体或悬臂选项/修复补偿;(iv)将种植体放置到感染部位;(v)基台和冠形态对种植体位置的影响。结合我们长期的临床经验和相关文献,可以得出以下结论:从美学角度来看,即刻种植体放置可以是一种成功的手术,但它对技术要求较高,需要有经验的团队。由于涉及的手术程序较少,因此对患者的创伤较小,而且患者倾向于在生活质量方面更喜欢这种临床方法。诊断阶段至关重要,不仅要解决骨和软组织不足的问题,还要解决:骨骼生长、牙齿/种植体软组织参数,如被动萌出改变以及无牙区相邻牙根的形态。在感染部位,拔牙后即刻负重是可行的。固定器的正确位置应遵循广泛接受的指南,但基台形态在种植体的颊侧/腭侧位置中起作用。当使用无肩基台时,种植体的长轴应瞄准未来修复体的切缘,这是最合适的种植体位置,并且允许具有类似于天然牙的颈缘轮廓的修复体冠形态。与具有肩台完成线的传统基台相比,使用无肩基台为组织生长提供了更多的空间。