Bolpagni Rossano, Laini Alex, Stanzani Chiara, Chiarucci Alessandro
Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Front Plant Sci. 2018 Feb 13;9:116. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00116. eCollection 2018.
Italy is recognized as one of the prominent hot spot areas for plant diversity at regional and global scale, hosting a rich range of ecosystems and habitat types. This is especially true considering aquatic habitats, which represent a major portion of the total water surfaces in the Mediterranean region. Nevertheless, only a scant attention was paid to clarify the species richness of aquatic plant and its contribution to the total diversity at the country scale, despite such plants are seriously threatened at multiple scales. This paper provided the first comprehensive inventory of aquatic plants at the whole country scale, collecting data on species' distribution, trends, and explanatory determinants of species richness. We confirmed the key contribution of Italy to the regional and global aquatic plant diversity with a total of 279 species recorded since 2005, equal to the 88.5%, 55.9% and ∼10% of the richness estimated at European/Mediterranean, Palearctic and global scale, respectively. Ten species are considered extinct in the wild [among which L., (Bassi ex L.) Parl., (Jacq.) W.J.D. Koch, and L.], four were doubt [among which (L.) Raf., Hayne, and R.W. Hartman.], and eight were erroneously reported in the past, among which L., Wartm., and L. Only 18 species - mainly helophytes (14) - were present in all the 20 Italian regions, whereas hydrophytes showed most scanty regional frequencies. Temperature, latitude, area and water resources availability are the main drivers of aquatic plant spatial arrangement and diversity. Furthermore, the number of inhabitants per km well described the number of "lost species" since 2000. The findings of the present survey call for an urgent elaboration of large-scale strategies to ensure the survival of aquatic plants, stressing on multiple functions played by aquatic plants in supporting national economy and human well-being. In this context, Italy can play a fundamental role guaranteeing temporary refuge for projected or expected species migrations along latitude and longitude gradients. Besides, in hyper-exploited landscapes man-made water bodies can further enhance the achievement of minimum conservation targets.
意大利被公认为是区域和全球尺度上植物多样性显著的热点地区之一，拥有丰富多样的生态系统和栖息地类型。考虑到水生栖息地，情况尤其如此，因为水生栖息地占地中海地区总水面的很大一部分。然而，尽管这些水生植物在多个尺度上受到严重威胁，但在国家尺度上，人们对阐明水生植物的物种丰富度及其对总多样性的贡献却很少关注。本文首次在全国范围内提供了水生植物的全面清单，收集了有关物种分布、趋势以及物种丰富度的解释性决定因素的数据。我们证实了意大利对区域和全球水生植物多样性的关键贡献，自2005年以来共记录了279种，分别相当于欧洲/地中海、古北界和全球尺度上估计丰富度的88.5%、55.9%和约10%。有10个物种被认为已在野外灭绝（其中包括L.、(Bassi ex L.) Parl.、(Jacq.) W.J.D. Koch和L.），4个存疑（其中包括(L.) Raf.、Hayne和R.W. Hartman.），还有8个过去被错误报道（其中包括L.、Wartm.和L.）。只有18个物种——主要是沼生植物（14种）——在意大利所有20个地区都有分布，而水生植物在各地区的分布频率最低。温度、纬度、面积和水资源可用性是水生植物空间分布和多样性的主要驱动因素。此外，自2000年以来每平方公里的居民数量很好地说明了“消失物种”的数量。本次调查结果呼吁紧急制定大规模战略以确保水生植物的生存，强调水生植物在支持国民经济和人类福祉方面所发挥的多种功能。在这种背景下，意大利可以发挥重要作用，为预计或预期的物种沿纬度和经度梯度的迁移提供临时避难所。此外，在过度开发的景观中，人工水体可以进一步促进实现最低保护目标。
