Division of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
Saisei Mirai medical corporation, 6-14-17 Kinda, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-0011, Japan.
Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Mar 5;19(3):735. doi: 10.3390/ijms19030735.
The diffuse chemosensory system (DCS) is well developed in the apparatuses of endodermal origin like gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The primary function of the GI tract is the extraction of nutrients from the diet. Therefore, the GI tract must possess an efficient surveillance system that continuously monitors the luminal contents for beneficial or harmful compounds. Recent studies have shown that specialized cells in the intestinal lining can sense changes in the luminal content. The chemosensory cells in the GI tract belong to the DCS which consists of enteroendocrine and related cells. These cells initiate various important local and remote reflexes. Although neural and hormonal involvements in ion transport in the GI tract are well documented, involvement of the DCS in the regulation of intestinal ion transport is much less understood. Since activation of luminal chemosensory receptors is a primary signal that elicits changes in intestinal ion transport and motility and failure of the system causes dysfunctions in host homeostasis, as well as functional GI disorders, study of the regulation of GI function by the DCS has become increasingly important. This review discusses the role of the DCS in epithelial ion transport, with particular emphasis on the involvement of free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2) and free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFA3).
弥漫性化学感觉系统（DCS）在胃肠道等内胚层来源的器官中发育良好。胃肠道的主要功能是从饮食中提取营养物质。因此，胃肠道必须具有有效的监测系统，持续监测腔内容物中有益或有害的化合物。最近的研究表明，肠道衬里的特化细胞可以感知腔内容物的变化。胃肠道中的化学感觉细胞属于 DCS，它由肠内分泌细胞和相关细胞组成。这些细胞会引发各种重要的局部和远程反射。尽管神经和激素在胃肠道中的离子转运中起着重要作用，但 DCS 参与调节肠道离子转运的作用还不太清楚。由于激活腔化学感觉受体是引发肠道离子转运和运动变化的主要信号，如果该系统失效，会导致宿主内稳态紊乱以及功能性胃肠道疾病，因此研究 DCS 对胃肠道功能的调节变得越来越重要。本文综述了 DCS 在肠上皮离子转运中的作用，特别强调了游离脂肪酸受体 2（FFA2）和游离脂肪酸受体 3（FFA3）的作用。
