Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A.
Clin Sci (Lond). 2018 Mar 20;132(6):615-626. doi: 10.1042/CS20171574. Print 2018 Mar 30.
The prevalence of kidney stones and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are increasing throughout the world. Both diseases are chronic and characterized by accumulation of oxidized proteins and lipids in the renal tissue and arterial wall, respectively. Emerging studies have revealed a positive association between nephrolithiasis and CVDs. Based on preclinical and clinical evidences, this review discusses: (i) stone forming risk factors, crystal nucleation, aggregation, injury-induced crystal retention, and stone formation, (ii) CVD risk factors such as dyslipidemia, perturbation of gut microbiome, obesity, free radical-induced lipoprotein oxidation, and retention in the arterial wall, subsequent foam cell formation, and atherosclerosis, (iii) mechanism by which stone forming risk factors such as oxalate, calcium, uric acid, and infection contribute toward CVDs, and (iv) how CVD risk factors, such as cholesterol, phospholipids, and uric acid, contribute to kidney stone formation are described.
肾结石和心血管疾病（CVDs）在全球范围内的患病率正在上升。这两种疾病都是慢性的，其特征分别为肾组织和动脉壁中氧化蛋白和脂质的积累。新兴的研究表明肾结石和 CVDs 之间存在正相关关系。基于临床前和临床证据，本文综述讨论了：（i）结石形成的危险因素、晶体成核、聚集、损伤诱导的晶体保留和结石形成，（ii）CVD 危险因素，如血脂异常、肠道微生物组紊乱、肥胖、自由基诱导的脂蛋白氧化和在动脉壁中的保留，随后泡沫细胞形成和动脉粥样硬化，（iii）结石形成危险因素（如草酸盐、钙、尿酸和感染）导致 CVD 的机制，以及（iv）CVD 危险因素（如胆固醇、磷脂和尿酸）如何导致肾结石形成的过程。
