Psychophysical studies relevant to the design of a digital electrotactile speech processor.

Psychophysical tests were carried out to investigate the perception of electrocutaneous stimuli delivered to the digital nerve bundles. The tests provided data for defining the operating range of a tactile aid for patients with profound-to-total hearing loss, as well as the individual differences between subjects and the information that could be transmitted. Monopolar biphasic constant current pulses with variable pulse widths were used. Threshold pulse widths varied widely between subjects and between fingers for the same subject. Thresholds were reasonably stable, but maximum comfortable levels increased with time. Perceived intensity was weakly dependent on pulse rate. Absolute identification of stimuli differing in pulse width gave information transmissions from 1.3-2.1 bits, limited by the dynamic ranges of the stimuli (3-17 dB). Stimuli from electrodes placed on either side of each finger were identified easily by all subjects. Absolute identification of stimuli differing in pulse rate gave information transmissions from 0.5-2.0 bits. Difference limens for pulse rate varied between subjects and were generally poor above 100 pps. On the basis of the results, an electrotactile speech processor is proposed, which codes the speech amplitude as pulse width, the fundamental frequency as pulse rate, and the second formant frequency as electrode position. Variable performances on tasks relying on amplitude and fundamental frequency cues are expected to arise from the intersubject differences in dynamic range and pulse rate discrimination. The psychophysical results for electrotactile stimulation are compared with previously published results for electroauditory stimulation with a multiple-channel cochlear implant.