Geraci C L, Tinkle S S, Brenner S A, Hodson L L, Pomeroy-Carter C A, Neu-Baker N
a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Cincinnati , Ohio.
b IDA/Science and Technology Policy Institute , Washington , DC.
J Occup Environ Hyg. 2018 Jun;15(6):D45-D50. doi: 10.1080/15459624.2018.1457221.
Emerging and novel technologies, materials, and information integrated into increasingly automated and networked manufacturing processes or into traditional manufacturing settings are enhancing the efficiency and productivity of manufacturing. Globally, there is a move toward a new era in manufacturing that is characterized by: (1) the ability to create and deliver more complex designs of products; (2) the creation and use of materials with new properties that meet a design need; (3) the employment of new technologies, such as additive and digital techniques that improve on conventional manufacturing processes; and (4) a compression of the time from initial design concept to the creation of a final product. Globally, this movement has many names, but "advanced manufacturing" has become the shorthand for this complex integration of material and technology elements that enable new ways to manufacture existing products, as well as new products emerging from new technologies and new design methods. As the breadth of activities associated with advanced manufacturing suggests, there is no single advanced manufacturing industry. Instead, aspects of advanced manufacturing can be identified across a diverse set of business sectors that use manufacturing technologies, ranging from the semiconductors and electronics to the automotive and pharmaceutical industries. The breadth and diversity of advanced manufacturing may change the occupational and environmental risk profile, challenge the basic elements of comprehensive health and safety (material, process, worker, environment, product, and general public health and safety), and provide an opportunity for development and dissemination of occupational and environmental health and safety (OEHS) guidance and best practices. It is unknown how much the risk profile of different elements of OEHS will change, thus requiring an evolution of health and safety practices. These changes may be accomplished most effectively through multi-disciplinary, multi-sector, public-private dialogue that identifies issues and offers solutions.
新兴技术、新型材料和信息融入日益自动化和网络化的制造流程或传统制造环境中，正在提高制造业的效率和生产率。在全球范围内，制造业正迈向一个新时代，其特点是：（1）能够创造和交付更复杂的产品设计；（2）创造和使用具有满足设计需求的新特性的材料；（3）采用新技术，如改进传统制造工艺的增材制造和数字技术；（4）从最初的设计概念到最终产品的创建时间缩短。在全球范围内，这一趋势有许多名称，但“先进制造业”已成为这种材料和技术元素复杂整合的代名词，这种整合使得制造现有产品有了新方法，同时也催生了基于新技术和新设计方法的新产品。正如与先进制造业相关的活动广度所表明的那样，不存在单一的先进制造产业。相反，先进制造业的各个方面可以在一系列使用制造技术的不同商业领域中找到，从半导体和电子行业到汽车和制药行业。先进制造业的广度和多样性可能会改变职业和环境风险状况，挑战全面健康与安全的基本要素（材料、工艺、工人、环境、产品以及公众健康与安全），并为职业与环境健康与安全（OEHS）指南及最佳实践的开发与传播提供机会。目前尚不清楚职业与环境健康与安全不同要素的风险状况会发生多大变化，因此需要改进健康与安全实践。这些变化最有效地通过多学科、多部门、公私对话来实现，这种对话能够识别问题并提供解决方案。
