Miloslavich Patricia, Bax Nicholas J, Simmons Samantha E, Klein Eduardo, Appeltans Ward, Aburto-Oropeza Octavio, Andersen Garcia Melissa, Batten Sonia D, Benedetti-Cecchi Lisandro, Checkley David M, Chiba Sanae, Duffy J Emmett, Dunn Daniel C, Fischer Albert, Gunn John, Kudela Raphael, Marsac Francis, Muller-Karger Frank E, Obura David, Shin Yunne-Jai
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia.
Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela.
Glob Chang Biol. 2018 Jun;24(6):2416-2433. doi: 10.1111/gcb.14108. Epub 2018 Apr 5.
Sustained observations of marine biodiversity and ecosystems focused on specific conservation and management problems are needed around the world to effectively mitigate or manage changes resulting from anthropogenic pressures. These observations, while complex and expensive, are required by the international scientific, governance and policy communities to provide baselines against which the effects of human pressures and climate change may be measured and reported, and resources allocated to implement solutions. To identify biological and ecological essential ocean variables (EOVs) for implementation within a global ocean observing system that is relevant for science, informs society, and technologically feasible, we used a driver-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) model. We (1) examined relevant international agreements to identify societal drivers and pressures on marine resources and ecosystems, (2) evaluated the temporal and spatial scales of variables measured by 100+ observing programs, and (3) analysed the impact and scalability of these variables and how they contribute to address societal and scientific issues. EOVs were related to the status of ecosystem components (phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and diversity, and abundance and distribution of fish, marine turtles, birds and mammals), and to the extent and health of ecosystems (cover and composition of hard coral, seagrass, mangrove and macroalgal canopy). Benthic invertebrate abundance and distribution and microbe diversity and biomass were identified as emerging EOVs to be developed based on emerging requirements and new technologies. The temporal scale at which any shifts in biological systems will be detected will vary across the EOVs, the properties being monitored and the length of the existing time-series. Global implementation to deliver useful products will require collaboration of the scientific and policy sectors and a significant commitment to improve human and infrastructure capacity across the globe, including the development of new, more automated observing technologies, and encouraging the application of international standards and best practices.
为了有效减轻或管理人为压力导致的变化，全球需要针对特定的保护和管理问题持续观测海洋生物多样性和生态系统。这些观测虽然复杂且成本高昂，但国际科学、治理和政策界要求进行这些观测，以便提供基线，据此衡量和报告人类压力及气候变化的影响，并分配资源以实施解决方案。为了确定全球海洋观测系统中与科学相关、能为社会提供信息且技术上可行的生物和生态基本海洋变量（EOV），我们使用了驱动-压力-状态-影响-响应（DPSIR）模型。我们（1）研究了相关国际协定，以确定对海洋资源和生态系统的社会驱动因素和压力；（2）评估了100多个观测项目所测量变量的时间和空间尺度；（3）分析了这些变量的影响和可扩展性，以及它们如何有助于解决社会和科学问题。EOV与生态系统组成部分的状况（浮游植物和浮游动物的生物量和多样性，以及鱼类、海龟、鸟类和哺乳动物的丰度和分布）以及生态系统的范围和健康状况（硬珊瑚、海草、红树林和大型藻冠层的覆盖度和组成）相关。底栖无脊椎动物的丰度和分布以及微生物的多样性和生物量被确定为基于新出现的需求和新技术有待开发的新兴EOV。生物系统中任何变化被检测到的时间尺度将因EOV、所监测的属性以及现有时间序列的长度而异。要在全球范围内实施以提供有用产品，需要科学和政策部门的合作，以及在全球范围内大力致力于提高人力和基础设施能力，包括开发新的、更自动化的观测技术，并鼓励应用国际标准和最佳做法。
