Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018 Jun;16(6):368-381. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0005-4.
The genus Enterovirus (EV) of the family Picornaviridae includes poliovirus, coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, numbered enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. These diverse viruses cause a variety of diseases, including non-specific febrile illness, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, neonatal sepsis-like disease, encephalitis, paralysis and respiratory diseases. In recent years, several non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) have emerged as serious public health concerns. These include EV-A71, which has caused epidemics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Southeast Asia, and EV-D68, which recently caused a large outbreak of severe lower respiratory tract disease in North America. Infections with these viruses are associated with severe neurological complications. For decades, most research has focused on poliovirus, but in recent years, our knowledge of NPEVs has increased considerably. In this Review, we summarize recent insights from enterovirus research with a special emphasis on NPEVs. We discuss virion structures, host-receptor interactions, viral uncoating and the recent discovery of a universal enterovirus host factor that is involved in viral genome release. Moreover, we briefly explain the mechanisms of viral genome replication, virion assembly and virion release, and describe potential targets for antiviral therapy. We reflect on how these recent discoveries may help the development of antiviral therapies and vaccines.
肠道病毒属（Enterovirus）属于小 RNA 病毒科（Picornaviridae），包含脊髓灰质炎病毒、柯萨奇病毒、埃可病毒、肠道病毒 71 型和鼻病毒等多种病毒。这些不同的病毒会引起多种疾病，包括非特异性发热性疾病、手足口病、新生儿类似败血症疾病、脑炎、麻痹以及呼吸道疾病。近年来，一些非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒（Non-polio enteroviruses，NPEVs）已成为严重的公共卫生关注问题。其中包括导致东南亚手足口病流行的肠道病毒 71 型（EV-A71），以及最近导致北美的严重下呼吸道疾病大暴发的肠道病毒 D68（EV-D68）。这些病毒感染与严重的神经并发症相关。几十年来，大多数研究都集中在脊髓灰质炎病毒上，但近年来，我们对 NPEVs 的认识有了显著提高。在本综述中，我们总结了肠道病毒研究的最新进展，特别强调了 NPEVs。我们讨论了病毒粒子结构、宿主受体相互作用、病毒脱壳以及最近发现的一种普遍存在的肠道病毒宿主因子，该因子参与病毒基因组释放。此外，我们还简要解释了病毒基因组复制、病毒粒子组装和病毒粒子释放的机制，并描述了抗病毒治疗的潜在靶点。我们思考了这些最新发现如何有助于开发抗病毒疗法和疫苗。
