Chaffin D B
Center for Ergonomics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2117.
Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1987 Dec;48(12):989-96. doi: 10.1080/15298668791385967.
Two different but dependent strategies must be developed to prevent low-back pain in industry. One is of an administrative nature and is concerned with whether the worker who performs activities that stress back tissues is appropriately evaluated and trained for such work. The second strategy is of an engineering type, dealing with methods to assure that the workplace and work tasks are specified in ways that minimize injurious stresses to the low back. Both of these strategies rely on knowledge of the biomechanical requirements of a job. These must be carefully evaluated by informed observers using prescribed measurement and analysis procedures. The fundamental biomechanics of heavy lifting and observational procedures developed by an expert panel for NIOSH are described. The procedure rates the difficulty of a lifting task and then recommends whether administrative or engineering controls are warranted to reduce low-back stresses. Some suggestions for preventing excessive low-back stress by redesigning the workplace are presented also.
必须制定两种不同但相互依存的策略来预防工业中的腰痛。一种是行政性质的，涉及对从事使背部组织承受压力活动的工人是否进行了适当的评估和培训以从事此类工作。第二种策略是工程类型的，涉及确保以将对下背部的有害压力降至最低的方式来规定工作场所和工作任务的方法。这两种策略都依赖于对工作生物力学要求的了解。必须由有见识的观察者使用规定的测量和分析程序对这些要求进行仔细评估。文中描述了由美国国家职业安全与健康研究所（NIOSH）专家小组制定的重物搬运的基本生物力学和观察程序。该程序对搬运任务的难度进行评级，然后建议是否需要行政或工程控制措施来降低背部压力。文中还提出了一些通过重新设计工作场所来预防过度背部压力的建议。
