Maliborski Artur, Zegadło Arkadiusz, Placzyńska Małgorzata, Sopińska Małgorzata, Lichosik Marianna, Jobs Katarzyna
Department of Medical Radiology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology and Allergology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
Dev Period Med. 2018;22(1):81-87. doi: 10.34763/devperiodmed.20182201.8187.
Urinary tract diseases are in the group of the most commonly diagnosed medical conditions in pediatric patients. Many diseases with different etiologies are accompanied by pain, fever, hematuria, or urinary tract dysfunction. Those most common ones in children are urinary tract infections and congenital malformation. They can also represent tumors or changes caused by systemic diseases. Clinical tests and even more often additional imaging studies are required to make a proper diagnosis of urinary tract diseases. Just a few decades ago urography, cystography or voiding cystourethrography were the main methods in diagnostic imaging of the urinary tract. Today's imaging methods supported by digital radiographic and fluoroscopy systems, high sensitivity detectors with quantum detection, advanced algorithms eliminating motion artifacts, modern medical imaging monitors with a resolution of three or even eight megapixels significantly differ from conventional radiographic methods. The methods that are currently usually performed are: computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, isotopic methods and ultrasonography using elastography and new solutions in Doppler imaging. Modern techniques are currently focused on reducing radiation exposure with better imaging capabilities. The development of these techniques became an essential diagnostic aid in nephrological and urological practice. The aim of this paper is to present the latest solutions that are currently used in the diagnostic imaging of urinary tract diseases.
泌尿系统疾病是儿科患者中最常被诊断出的疾病类型之一。许多病因各异的疾病都伴有疼痛、发热、血尿或泌尿系统功能障碍。儿童中最常见的是泌尿系统感染和先天性畸形。它们也可能表现为肿瘤或由全身性疾病引起的病变。为了对泌尿系统疾病做出正确诊断，需要进行临床检查，更常见的是进行额外的影像学检查。就在几十年前，尿路造影、膀胱造影或排尿性膀胱尿道造影还是泌尿系统诊断成像的主要方法。如今，在数字射线照相和荧光透视系统、具有量子检测功能的高灵敏度探测器、消除运动伪影的先进算法以及分辨率为300万甚至800万像素的现代医学成像监视器的支持下，成像方法与传统射线照相方法有很大不同。目前通常采用的方法有：计算机断层扫描、磁共振成像、同位素方法以及使用弹性成像和多普勒成像新解决方案的超声检查。现代技术目前专注于在提高成像能力的同时减少辐射暴露。这些技术的发展已成为肾脏病学和泌尿外科学实践中必不可少的诊断辅助手段。本文的目的是介绍目前在泌尿系统疾病诊断成像中使用的最新解决方案。
