Ali Shaukat, Hussain Sadiq
Dr. Shaukat Ali, PhD. Department of Environmental Sciences, Karakoram International University Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
Ms. Rubina, MS. Department of Environmental Sciences, Karakoram International University Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan.
Pak J Med Sci. 2018 Jan-Feb;34(1):121-124. doi: 10.12669/pjms.341.13956.
To assess the quality of freshwater aquifers (springs) associated diseases, and indigenous perception in Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan.
This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the department of environmental science, Karakoram International University Gilgit after approval from departmental research committee. In order to get the most accurate results, 18 water samples in triplicates were collected according to our lab own set of sampling standard operating procedures (SOPs) using pre-sterilized bottles of 100 ml from June 2016 to August 2016 along with associated diseases record and structured interviews from indigenous population. For physicochemical and microbial assessment, samples were tested before five hours after collection and associated diseases and indigenous perception was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques.
Findings revealed that levels of pH, EC, phosphates, TDS, and nitrite, fall within WHO standards except nitrate, temperature and turbidity. The highest concentration (mgL± SE) of Hg in Barkolti and Barsat springs were (0.01±0.005) and (0.02±0.001) while Zn was (0.04±0.02) respectively. The concentration of Cu in Barkolti spring was (0.2± 0.03) while in Barsat spring below the detection level. The concentration of Cd, Pb, Cr, and Fe in both springs fall within WHO permissible limits. The mean value of recorded in both Barkolti and Barsat aquifers were (1.08cfu ±0.45) and (2.11cfu±0.56) respectively. The prevalence of water-associated diseases recorded in the order diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, cholera, hepatitis and their incidence increases at high peak in summer. Irrespective of physicochemical and microbial components, indigenous population believed that the spring water has curative properties.
Physiochemical and microbial parameters of spring's water fall within WHO standards except nitrate, turbidity, temperature, and , and incidence of certain associated diseases. However, indigenous population is unaware about the fact and believed that spring water very safe.
评估吉尔吉特-巴尔蒂斯坦吉泽尔地区与淡水含水层（泉水）相关疾病的情况以及当地居民的认知。
本研究为横断面研究，经卡拉昆仑国际大学吉尔吉特分校环境科学系研究委员会批准后开展。为获得最准确的结果，于2016年6月至2016年8月期间，按照实验室自行制定的采样标准操作程序（SOPs），使用100毫升预先灭菌的瓶子，一式三份采集了18份水样，并记录了相关疾病情况，还对当地居民进行了结构化访谈。对于理化和微生物评估，样本在采集后五小时内进行检测，使用描述性统计技术分析相关疾病及当地居民的认知情况。
研究结果显示，除硝酸盐、温度和浊度外，pH值、电导率、磷酸盐、总溶解固体和亚硝酸盐水平均符合世界卫生组织标准。巴尔科蒂泉和巴萨特泉中汞的最高浓度（毫克/升±标准误）分别为（0.01±0.005）和（0.02±0.001），锌的浓度分别为（0.04±0.02）。巴尔科蒂泉中铜的浓度为（0.2±0.03），而巴萨特泉中铜的浓度低于检测水平。两个泉中镉、铅、铬和铁的浓度均在世界卫生组织允许的限值范围内。巴尔科蒂含水层和巴萨特含水层记录的平均值分别为（1.08菌落形成单位±0.45）和（2.11菌落形成单位±0.56）。记录的与水相关疾病的患病率依次为腹泻、痢疾、伤寒、霍乱、肝炎，且其发病率在夏季达到高峰。无论理化和微生物成分如何，当地居民都认为泉水具有治疗功效。
除硝酸盐、浊度、温度以及某些相关疾病的发病率外，泉水的理化和微生物参数均符合世界卫生组织标准。然而，当地居民并未意识到这一事实，认为泉水非常安全。
