Sequential ALK Inhibitors Can Select for Lorlatinib-Resistant Compound Mutations in ALK-Positive Lung Cancer.

The cornerstone of treatment for advanced ALK-positive lung cancer is sequential therapy with increasingly potent and selective ALK inhibitors. The third-generation ALK inhibitor lorlatinib has demonstrated clinical activity in patients who failed previous ALK inhibitors. To define the spectrum of mutations that confer lorlatinib resistance, we performed accelerated mutagenesis screening of Ba/F3 cells expressing EML4-ALK. Under comparable conditions, -ethyl--nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis generated numerous crizotinib-resistant but no lorlatinib-resistant clones harboring single mutations. In similar screens with EML4-ALK containing single resistance mutations, numerous lorlatinib-resistant clones emerged harboring compound mutations. To determine the clinical relevance of these mutations, we analyzed repeat biopsies from lorlatinib-resistant patients. Seven of 20 samples (35%) harbored compound mutations, including two identified in the ENU screen. Whole-exome sequencing in three cases confirmed the stepwise accumulation of mutations during sequential treatment. These results suggest that sequential ALK inhibitors can foster the emergence of compound mutations, identification of which is critical to informing drug design and developing effective therapeutic strategies. Treatment with sequential first-, second-, and third-generation ALK inhibitors can select for compound mutations that confer high-level resistance to ALK-targeted therapies. A more efficacious long-term strategy may be up-front treatment with a third-generation ALK inhibitor to prevent the emergence of on-target resistance. .