Ziermann Janine M, Diogo Rui, Noden Drew M
Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
Genesis. 2018 Jun;56(6-7):e23097. doi: 10.1002/dvg.23097. Epub 2018 Apr 16.
Patterning of craniofacial muscles overtly begins with the activation of lineage-specific markers at precise, evolutionarily conserved locations within prechordal, lateral, and both unsegmented and somitic paraxial mesoderm populations. Although these initial programming events occur without influence of neural crest cells, the subsequent movements and differentiation stages of most head muscles are neural crest-dependent. Incorporating both descriptive and experimental studies, this review examines each stage of myogenesis up through the formation of attachments to their skeletal partners. We present the similarities among developing muscle groups, including comparisons with trunk myogenesis, but emphasize the morphogenetic processes that are unique to each group and sometimes subsets of muscles within a group. These groups include branchial (pharyngeal) arches, which encompass both those with clear homologues in all vertebrate classes and those unique to one, for example, mammalian facial muscles, and also extraocular, laryngeal, tongue, and neck muscles. The presence of several distinct processes underlying neural crest:myoblast/myocyte interactions and behaviors is not surprising, given the wide range of both quantitative and qualitative variations in craniofacial muscle organization achieved during vertebrate evolution.
颅面肌的模式形成明显始于前索、外侧以及未节段和体节旁轴中胚层群体内精确的、进化保守位置处谱系特异性标记物的激活。尽管这些初始编程事件在没有神经嵴细胞影响的情况下发生，但大多数头部肌肉随后的运动和分化阶段依赖于神经嵴。结合描述性和实验性研究，本综述审视了肌生成的各个阶段，直至其与骨骼伙伴形成附着。我们展示了发育中肌肉群之间的相似性，包括与躯干肌生成的比较，但强调了每个肌肉群以及有时一个肌肉群内肌肉亚群所特有的形态发生过程。这些肌肉群包括鳃（咽）弓，其中既有在所有脊椎动物类群中具有明确同源物的，也有仅在某一类中特有的，例如哺乳动物的面部肌肉，还有眼外肌、喉肌、舌肌和颈部肌肉。鉴于在脊椎动物进化过程中颅面肌组织在数量和质量上存在广泛的差异，神经嵴与成肌细胞/肌细胞相互作用及行为背后存在几个不同的过程也就不足为奇了。
