Discovery of Novel Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Dual Inhibitors.

In order to take advantage of both immunotherapeutic and epigenetic antitumor agents, the first generation of dual indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors were designed. The highly active dual inhibitor showed excellent and balanced activity against both IDO1 (IC = 69.0 nM) and HDAC1 (IC = 66.5 nM), whose dual targeting mechanisms were validated in cancer cells. Compound had good pharmacokinetic profiles as an orally active antitumor agent and significantly reduced the l-kynurenine level in plasma. In particular, it showed excellent antitumor efficacy in the murine LLC tumor model with low toxicity. This proof-of-concept study provided a novel strategy for cancer treatment. Compound represents a promising lead compound for the development of novel antitumor agents and can also be used as a valuable probe to clarify the relationships and mechanisms between cancer immunotherapy and epigenetics.