Is the Pelvis Sexually Dimorphic in Turtles?

Variation in the pelvis is intrinsically linked to life history evolution. This is perhaps best exemplified by sexually dimorphic pelvic variation in bipedal primates. Yet, whether this trend is applicable to other taxa is unclear. Using turtle anatomy as a model, I tested the hypothesis that the pelvis is also sexually dimorphic in egg-laying tetrapods. I sampled a natural turtle population with female-biased sexual size dimorphism (i.e., larger females). I show that the area of the egg canal (pelvic aperture) is greater in females. Morphological differences between sexes were predicted by body size, such that skeletal shape deformation of the female ilium increased proportionally with pelvic aperture area. These results suggest that sexual pelvic dimorphism might be indirectly maintained by selection for large female size, consistent with the pelvic constraint hypothesis in reptiles. However, subsampling of similarly sized individuals revealed that pelvic aperture area and shape may vary in disproportion to body size. Comparisons of pelvic ontogenetic trajectories across multiple lineages are needed to clarify the occurrence of sexual pelvic dimorphism in turtles and other egg-laying tetrapods. My findings provide impetus to further explore how sex-specific functional demands influence the architecture of the pelvic girdle. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.