Affolter A, Graf H, Poretti G
SSO Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkd. 1979 Dec;89(12):1221-38.
According to a report by Poretti (1975) 21,4% of all medical diagnostic radiographs in Switzerland are dental. In order to determine the associated radiation doses to patients, phantom measurements of skin and gonad exposures were made utilizing modern dental x-ray equipment and techniques. Following procedures in accordance with federal safety regulations it was not possible to measure dose values at the gonad level by single dental or temporomandibular radiographs, even by the most sensitive measuring device. 50 cumulative exposures without lead apron resulted in a range of gonad doses from 3.1 to 199 microR for dental and temporomandibular joint x-rays. Results of skin surface doses ranged from 38 to 289 mR for single dental film exposure and from 64 to 494 mR for single TMJ exposures. Consistent use of parallel technique with long cone equipment, small diaphragms, high kilovoltage and use of the lead apron guarantee great safety against radiation hazard in dental radiography.
根据波雷蒂（1975年）的一份报告，瑞士所有医学诊断X光片中21.4%是牙科X光片。为了确定患者所受的相关辐射剂量，利用现代牙科X光设备和技术对皮肤和性腺照射进行了体模测量。按照联邦安全规定的程序，即使使用最灵敏的测量设备，也无法通过单次牙科或颞下颌X光片测量性腺部位的剂量值。50次无铅围裙防护的累积照射导致牙科和颞下颌关节X光检查的性腺剂量范围为3.1至199微伦琴。单次牙科胶片照射的皮肤表面剂量结果为38至289毫伦琴，单次颞下颌关节照射的结果为64至494毫伦琴。持续使用平行技术、长锥形设备、小光圈、高千伏电压并使用铅围裙，可确保牙科X光摄影中极大的辐射安全。
