Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 9;9:678. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00678. eCollection 2018.
Humans are highly susceptible to infection with respiratory viruses including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, and parainfluenza virus. While some viruses simply cause symptoms of the common cold, many respiratory viruses induce severe bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and even death following infection. Despite the immense clinical burden, the majority of the most common pulmonary viruses lack long-lasting efficacious vaccines. Nearly all current vaccination strategies are designed to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies, which prevent severe disease following a subsequent infection. However, the mucosal antibody response to many respiratory viruses is not long-lasting and declines with age. CD8 T cells are critical for mediating clearance following many acute viral infections in the lung. In addition, memory CD8 T cells are capable of providing protection against secondary infections. Therefore, the combined induction of virus-specific CD8 T cells and antibodies may provide optimal protective immunity. Herein, we review the current literature on CD8 T cell responses induced by respiratory virus infections. Additionally, we explore how this knowledge could be utilized in the development of future vaccines against respiratory viruses, with a special emphasis on RSV vaccination.
人类极易感染呼吸道病毒，包括呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、流感病毒、人偏肺病毒、鼻病毒、冠状病毒和副流感病毒。虽然有些病毒只会引起普通感冒的症状，但许多呼吸道病毒在感染后会引起严重的细支气管炎、肺炎，甚至死亡。尽管临床负担巨大，但大多数最常见的肺部病毒缺乏长效有效的疫苗。目前几乎所有的疫苗接种策略都是为了诱导广泛中和抗体，以预防随后感染引起的严重疾病。然而，许多呼吸道病毒的黏膜抗体反应并不持久，并且随着年龄的增长而下降。CD8 T 细胞对于介导肺部许多急性病毒感染后的清除至关重要。此外，记忆 CD8 T 细胞能够提供针对二次感染的保护。因此，联合诱导病毒特异性 CD8 T 细胞和抗体可能提供最佳的保护性免疫。本文综述了呼吸道病毒感染诱导的 CD8 T 细胞反应的最新文献。此外，我们探讨了如何利用这些知识开发针对呼吸道病毒的未来疫苗，特别强调 RSV 疫苗接种。
