Diabetic nephropathy: a clinical study of 498 patients.

The clinical pattern of nephropathy was studied in 498 diabetic patients who were hospitalized during the period 1980-1985 at the Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, India. The diagnosis of nephropathy was confirmed in the presence of persistent proteinuria of 500 mg or more in any 24 hour urine sample in the absence of urinary infection and congestive failure. Only four patients had Type I diabetes, all the rest being non-insulin-dependent (Type II). There was significant male preponderance, and the largest number of patients were in the fifth and sixth decades. The age of onset in Type II diabetics was between 30 to 50 years in 74%; 55% of the patients were known to have diabetes for less than 10 years, and in only 6% was the duration greater than 20 years. The degree of renal failure and proteinuria showed a variable pattern in relation to the duration of diabetes. Arterial hypertension was present in 80% of the patients and coronary artery disease in 33.5%, while cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease were evident in 7.4 and 4.8%, respectively. Fundoscopic examination showed evidence of retinopathy in 278 patients (53%), with proliferative changes in 17%. Clinical evidence of retinopathy was absent in 110 patients (22%), and in the rest the results of fundus examination was not documented; thus, the incidence of clinical retinopathy in this review was 72% (278/388). It is concluded that contrary to what has been observed in Type I diabetes, the progression of nephropathy in Type II bears no relationship to the duration of disease, nor is retinopathy a constant feature.