Zhang Guo, Lu Fei, Huang Zhi Gang, Chen Shun, Wang Xiao Ke
State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 473061, Hunan, China.
Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2016 Sep;27(9):2875-2883. doi: 10.13287/j.1001-9332.201609.031.
Chemical pesticides play an important role in improving crop yield in modern agriculture. However, commonly overuse of pesticide in China leads to serious environmental problems and food safety hazards. Based on a national questionnaire survey of farmers across China in 2012, the situation of pesticide applications to rice, wheat, and corn in 2011, and their corresponding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were investigated. The survey showed that at least 54 types of insecticide, 24 types of fungicide, and 50 types of herbicide were in use across three crops. 32% of rice farmers applied biological pesticides in China. The amounts of pesticides applied to the three cereal crops were 30.8, 16.5, and 58.3 kt for insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides, respectively. The total GHG emission from these pesticides was 1.5 Tg Ce, and the GHG emissions from these insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides accounted for 23.8%, 16.9%, and 59.3% of the total emission, respectively. In south China, the amounts of pesticides applied occupied 51% of the national total. For the production of each kilogram of grain, the amounts of pesticides applied were 0.22, 0.18, and 0.24 g for rice, wheat, and corn, respectively. Therefore, the sums of pesticides applied by crop types were 44.4 kt for rice, 21.4 kt for wheat, and 39.7 kt for corn. Meanwhile, the GHG emissions of pesticides were 665.5, 250.1, and 547.5 Gg Ce for rice, wheat, and corn, respectively. For pesticide types, organophosphorus insecticides accounted for 69% of total insecticide use in China, while benzimidazole, organophosphorus, azole, and organic sulfur fungicides together contributed 87% of total fungicide use. In addition, the use of anilide, organic heterocyclic, and organophosphorus herbicides contributed 85% of the total herbicide application. Therefore, the reduction of pesticide use would play an important role in food safety and environmental safety, and GHG mitigation in agricultural sector in China.
化学农药在现代农业提高作物产量方面发挥着重要作用。然而，中国农药的普遍过度使用导致了严重的环境问题和食品安全隐患。基于2012年对全国农民的问卷调查，对2011年水稻、小麦和玉米的农药施用情况及其相应的温室气体（GHG）排放进行了调查。调查显示，三种作物共使用了至少54种杀虫剂、24种杀菌剂和50种除草剂。中国32%的稻农使用生物农药。三种谷类作物的杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂施用量分别为30.8、16.5和58.3千吨。这些农药的温室气体总排放量为1.5太克碳当量，其中杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂的温室气体排放量分别占总排放量的23.8%、16.9%和59.3%。在中国南方，农药施用量占全国总量的51%。每生产1公斤粮食，水稻、小麦和玉米的农药施用量分别为0.22克、0.18克和0.24克。因此，按作物类型计算的农药施用总量分别为水稻44.4千吨、小麦21.4千吨和玉米39.7千吨。同时，水稻、小麦和玉米的农药温室气体排放量分别为665.5、250.1和547.5千兆克碳当量。就农药类型而言，有机磷杀虫剂占中国杀虫剂总用量的69%，而苯并咪唑、有机磷、唑类和有机硫杀菌剂共同占杀菌剂总用量的87%。此外，酰胺类、有机杂环类和有机磷除草剂的使用占除草剂总施用量的85%。因此，减少农药使用将对中国农业部门的食品安全、环境安全和温室气体减排起到重要作用。
