School of Health Systems Studies,Tata Institute of Social Sciences,Mumbai,India.
J Biosoc Sci. 2019 Mar;51(2):225-243. doi: 10.1017/S0021932018000081. Epub 2018 May 18.
Global estimates suggest that over a billion people live with a disability that is significant enough to affect their daily lives. According to the 2011 Indian Census, India alone has about 26.8 million people with disabilities. Research suggests that persons with disabilities (PwDs) in India are among the most neglected, stigmatized, poor and least educated of the world's population, and women with disabilities in India are the most marginalized, both socially and economically. They bear the triple burden of being discriminated against through being 'women' (socially marginal beings), 'disabled' (incapacitated, inefficient and undesirable) and 'women with disabilities' (the weakest of the weak), often becoming socially invisible. Although there has been a general recognition over the years that the educational and employment opportunities of PwDs in India need to be improved, their sexual needs and aspirations, sexuality concerns and sexual and reproductive health and rights have been largely ignored. The objective of this paper is to highlight the paucity of research on the sexual and reproductive health concerns of PwDs, particularly women, in the Indian context using existing literature on India, and to identify the possible reasons of this neglect. The study describes the obstacles faced by PwDs, particularly women, to acquiring good sexual and reproductive information and services, based on the results of empirical studies. Given the lack of research on this in India, the evidence largely comes from studies conducted elsewhere in the world. Lack of information and education about sexual health concerns, physical and/or infrastructural inaccessibility, judgemental provider attitudes, limited provider knowledge about disability issues and individual factors, including inhibitions about seeking health care and financial barriers, are identified as factors inhibiting the sexual and reproductive rights of people with disabilities in India.
全球估计表明，有超过 10 亿人患有严重影响日常生活的残疾。根据 2011 年印度人口普查，仅印度就有大约 2680 万残疾人。研究表明，印度的残疾人是世界上被忽视、污名化、贫困和受教育程度最低的人群之一，而印度的残疾妇女在社会和经济上处于最边缘的地位。她们承受着三重歧视的负担，即作为“女性”（社会边缘人）、“残疾”（能力丧失、效率低下和不受欢迎）和“残疾女性”（最弱势的群体），往往在社会上变得无形。尽管多年来人们普遍认识到，印度残疾人，特别是妇女，需要改善他们的教育和就业机会，但他们的性需求和愿望、性问题以及性健康和生殖健康与权利在很大程度上被忽视了。本文的目的是利用现有的关于印度的文献，强调印度残疾人，特别是妇女，在性健康和生殖健康方面的研究匮乏，并确定忽视这些问题的可能原因。该研究根据实证研究的结果，描述了残疾人，特别是妇女，在获取良好的性健康和生殖健康信息和服务方面所面临的障碍。鉴于印度在这方面缺乏研究，这些证据主要来自世界其他地方的研究。缺乏有关性健康问题的信息和教育、身体和/或基础设施无法进入、评判性提供者的态度、提供者对残疾问题的了解有限以及个人因素，包括对寻求医疗保健的抑制和经济障碍，这些因素被认为是印度残疾人享有性权利和生殖权利的障碍。
