Personalizing rare disease research: how genomics is revolutionizing the diagnosis and treatment of rare disease.

A decade after the complete sequencing of the human genome, combined with recent advances in throughput and sequencing costs, the genetics of rare diseases has entered a new era. There has now been an explosion in the identification and mapping of rare diseases, with over 10,000 exomes having been sequenced to date. This article surveys the progress and development of technologies to understand rare disease; it provides a historical overview of traditional techniques such as karyotyping and homozygosity mapping, reviews current methods of whole-exome and -genome sequencing, and provides a future perspective on upcoming developments such as targeted drugs and gene therapy. This article will discuss the implications of these methods for rare disease research, along with a discussion of the success stories that provide great hope and optimism for patients and scientists alike.