Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isoniazid monoresistant and multidrug-resistant in Rio Grande do Sul, a tuberculosis high-burden state in Brazil.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem in the world and Brazil is among the countries with the highest incidence and prevalence rates, and Rio Grande do Sul, a Brazilian state, occupy a prominent position. Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) further aggravates this scenario, making it more difficult to treat and control the disease. Isoniazid monoresistance (IMR) may increase the risk of progression to MDR-TB and treatment failure. However, most drug resistance molecular tests only focus on detecting rifampicin (RIF) resistance.In the present study, we characterized a total of 63 drug resistant isolates of M. tuberculosis (35 MDR, 26 IMR and two isolates monoresistant to rifampicin [RMR]) of the Rio Grande do Sul state by MIRU-VNTR (24 loci), spoligotyping, presence of RD, fbpC, pks15/1 and sequencing of the katG, rpoB and inhA genes. We observed a higher proportion of the LAM family 30/63 (47.61%). In IMR, mutations were found in the katG gene (98% at codon 315) in 72.5%, and mutations in the promoter region of the inhA gene in 6.25% of the isolates. In MDR-TB and RMR-TB isolates, 92.1% had mutations in the rpoB gene (57% at codon 531). The presence of a 12 bp insertion between codons 516 and 517 of the rpoB gene in MDR-TB isolates was found in five isolates. In conclusion, we observed that the highest frequency of IMR-TB and MDR-TB strains belong to the LAM and Haarlem genotypes in Rio Grande do Sul state. A significant number of isolates previously characterized as Mycobacterium pinnipedi2 through spoligotyping were found to belong to the M. tuberculosis LAM family. This was responsible for a number of significant cases and the molecular profile of this strain and the pattern of mutations related to drug resistance were analyzed. These findings may contribute to a better understanding about the spread of M. tuberculosis resistant in southern of Brazil.