Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, IRD, UMR GRED 220, F34000, Montpellier, France.
Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Earth System Knowledge Platform (ESKP.de), Bussestrasse 27, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany.
J Environ Manage. 2018 Aug 15;220:253-265. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.029. Epub 2018 May 21.
This paper investigates the Locally Managed Marine Area (LMMA) approach through looking at developments and challenges of community-based marine resource management over time, with a particular focus on Fiji in the South Pacific region. A diachronic perspective, based on two multi-method empirical studies, is used to exemplify the social complexities of the implementation of this LMMA approach in a specific island setting. This perspective connects local stakeholders' establishment and management of a LMMA covering their entire customary fishing rights area (iqoliqoli) with the national context articulated around the Fiji Locally Managed Marine Area (FLMMA) network, as well as with regional networking and international conservation dynamics. It especially explores the impacts of a small-scale marine closure (so-called tabu area) on the harvesting patterns in a portion of this LMMA, related aspects of formal and informal enforcement, and villagers' views of the health of their reef fishery. This case study reveals a lack of consensus on the current management of this closure as a conditionally-opened no-take area, whose temporary openings (re)produce social tensions, as well as a lack of consensus on the effects of this closure on the reef fishery, which is subject to poaching. The paper highlights that the articulation between conservation and extraction of marine resources, as well as between short-term and longer-term objectives of the community-based marine resource management in place, is a complex sociopolitical process even at the most local level. The discussion also points out that local observations and interpretations of coastal resource dynamics, and of the interplay between fishery and community changes, might be instrumental in addressing the limits of the area-based system of management inherent in the LMMA approach. These insights into both the development process of the LMMA approach and the challenges of its local implementation and maintenance efforts can be useful to consider the adjustments necessary for Fiji's achievement of its national coastal fisheries management strategy and its international ocean governance commitments.
本文通过考察基于社区的海洋资源管理随时间推移的发展和挑战，研究了局部管理海洋区域（LMMA）方法，特别关注南太平洋地区的斐济。本文采用历时性视角，基于两项多方法的实证研究，以具体岛屿环境中实施 LMMA 方法的社会复杂性为例。这一视角将当地利益相关者在其整个传统捕鱼权区域（iqoliqoli）建立和管理 LMMA 的情况，与围绕斐济局部管理海洋区域（FLMMA）网络阐明的国家背景联系起来，以及与区域网络和国际保护动态联系起来。本文特别探讨了小规模海洋封闭（所谓的禁忌区）对这一 LMMA 部分地区捕捞模式的影响、正式和非正式执法的相关方面，以及村民对其珊瑚礁渔业健康状况的看法。这一案例研究揭示了对该封闭区作为有条件开放的禁捕区的当前管理缺乏共识，其临时开放（重新）产生了社会紧张局势，也缺乏对该封闭区对珊瑚礁渔业的影响的共识，后者易遭受偷捕。本文强调，即使在最基层，海洋资源保护与开发之间的协调，以及社区主导的海洋资源管理的短期和长期目标之间的协调，也是一个复杂的社会政治过程。讨论还指出，对沿海资源动态以及渔业和社区变化之间相互作用的本地观察和解释，可能有助于解决 LMMA 方法所固有的基于区域的管理系统的局限性。这些对 LMMA 方法的发展过程以及其本地实施和维护工作的挑战的深入了解，可以为考虑斐济实现其国家沿海渔业管理战略和国际海洋治理承诺所需的调整提供有用的参考。
