BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness is a strong predictor of mortality in hemodialysis patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate possible relations of arterial stiffness with volume status determined by bioimpedance analysis and aortic blood pressure parameters. Also, effects of a single hemodialysis session on these parameters were studied. METHODS: A total of 75 hemodialysis patients (M/F: 43/32; mean age: 53 ± 17) were enrolled. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and aortic pulse pressure were measured by applanation tonometry before and after hemodialysis. Extracellular fluid and total body fluid volumes were determined by bioimpedance analysis. RESULTS: Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (9.30 ± 3.30 vs 7.59 ± 2.66 m/s, p < 0.001), augmentation index (24.52 ± 9.42 vs 20.28 ± 10.19, p < 0.001), and aortic pulse pressure (38 ± 14 vs 29 ± 8 mmHg, p < 0.001) significantly decreased after hemodialysis. Pre-dialysis carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was associated with age (r = 0.15, p = 0.01), total cholesterol (r = 0.06, p = 0.02), peripheral mean blood pressure (r = 0.10, p = 0.005), aortic-mean blood pressure (r = 0.06, p = 0.02), aortic pulse pressure (r = 0.14, p = 0.001), and extracellular fluid/total body fluid (r = 0.30, p < 0.0001). Pre-dialysis augmentation index was associated with total cholesterol (r = 0.06, p = 0,02), aortic-mean blood pressure (r = 0.16, p < 0.001), and aortic pulse pressure (r = 0.22, p < 0.001). Δcarotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was associated with Δaortic-mean blood pressure (r = 0.06, p = 0.02) and inversely correlated with baseline carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (r = 0.29, p < 0.001). Pre-dialysis Δaugmentation index was significantly associated with Δaortic-mean blood pressure (r = 0.09, p = 0.009) and Δaortic pulse pressure (r = 0.06, p = 0.03) and inversely associated with baseline augmentation index (r = 0.14, p = 0.001). In multiple linear regression analysis (adjusted R = 0.46, p < 0.001) to determine the factors predicting Log carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, extracellular fluid/total body fluid and peripheral mean blood pressure significantly predicted Log carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (p = 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively). CONCLUSION: Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and aortic pulse pressure significantly decreased after hemodialysis. Arterial stiffness was associated with both peripheral and aortic blood pressure. Furthermore, reduction in arterial stiffness parameters was related to reduction in aortic blood pressure. Pre-dialysis carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was associated with volume status determined by bioimpedance analysis. Volume control may improve not only the aortic blood pressure measurements but also arterial stiffness in hemodialysis patients.