Gorb Stanislav N
Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany.
J Morphol. 1997 Dec;234(3):213-222. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199712)234:3<213::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-A.
This study describes and quantifies the ultrastructural design of some cuticular protuberances in the Diptera-Brachycera that appear to have a specialized mechanical function. The microsculpture of membranes in the transitional areas of prothorax-neck, neck-head, head-mouthparts, and in the articulations thorax-coxa and coxa-trochanter was investigated in eight species from six families (Tabanidae, Stratiomyidae, Calliphoridae, Syrphidae, Muscidae and Drosophilidae) by means of scanning electron microscopy. The membrane armatures are single or grouped microtrichia, often located on microplates in the flexible membrane. The different membranes were compared using the following details: microtrichia length, microplate length and width, the shortest distance between microplates, and the number of microtrichia per microplate. Five different types of microstructure were observed: (1) single short papilla-like microtrichia directly arising from the flexible membrane, (2) single elongated microtrichia directly arising from the flexible membrane, (3) single microtrichia located on small areas of the inflexible cuticle, here called microplates, (4) microtrichia groups located on the microplates, and (5) microplates without microtrichia in the flexible membrane. The study reveals the differences in the surface ultrastructure of membranes between different parts of body and between different taxa of flies. The prothorax-neck transition is less specialized in membrane armature as compared with the head-neck articulation, and especially with that of the head-proboscis. The head-proboscis transition has the most complex membrane armature of those species studied. The membrane of the basal joints of the legs has larger plates and a higher number of microtrichia per plate than that of the more distal joints. The complexity of the membrane armature depends on the dimensions of the animal: the smallest species have short ungrouped microtrichia or micropapillae, whereas large species have the highest degree of grouping, the longest microtrichia, and the largest microplates. Three main mechanical functions served by the different armored membranes are suggested, based on the specific characteristics of the microsculptural design: (1) fixation of the folds, (2) prevention of folding, and (3) determination of direction of folding. J. Morphol. 234:213-222, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
本研究描述并量化了双翅目短角亚目中一些似乎具有特殊机械功能的表皮突起的超微结构设计。通过扫描电子显微镜对来自六个科（虻科、水虻科、丽蝇科、食蚜蝇科、蝇科和果蝇科）的八个物种的前胸 - 颈部、颈部 - 头部、头部 - 口器的过渡区域以及胸 - 基节和基节 - 转节关节处的膜的微雕进行了研究。膜的装甲结构是单个或成组的微毛，通常位于柔性膜中的小板上。使用以下细节对不同的膜进行了比较：微毛长度、小板长度和宽度、小板之间的最短距离以及每个小板上的微毛数量。观察到五种不同类型的微观结构：（1）直接从柔性膜产生的单个短乳头状微毛，（2）直接从柔性膜产生的单个细长微毛，（3）位于非柔性表皮小区域（此处称为小板）上的单个微毛，（4）位于小板上的微毛组，以及（5）柔性膜中没有微毛的小板。该研究揭示了苍蝇身体不同部位之间以及不同类群苍蝇之间膜的表面超微结构的差异。与头部 - 颈部关节相比，前胸 - 颈部过渡在膜装甲结构上的特化程度较低，尤其是与头部 - 喙部的过渡相比。在所研究的物种中，头部 - 喙部过渡具有最复杂的膜装甲结构。腿部基部关节的膜比更远端关节的膜具有更大的板和更高的每板微毛数量。膜装甲结构的复杂性取决于动物的尺寸：最小的物种具有短的不成组微毛或微乳头，而大型物种具有最高程度的成组、最长的微毛和最大的小板。基于微雕设计的特定特征，提出了不同装甲膜所起的三种主要机械功能：（1）褶皱的固定，（2）防止折叠，以及（3）折叠方向的确定。《形态学杂志》234:213 - 222，1997年。©1997威利 - 利斯公司。
