Bryant Harold N, Seymour Kevin L
Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada S4S 0A2.
Department of Vertebrate Palaeontology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6.
J Morphol. 1990 Oct;206(1):109-117. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1052060111.
In Canis and Ursus the largest proportion of attachments of muscles of the shoulder and brachium on the scapula and humerus is direct; fewer attachments are aponeurotic or tendinous. In both genera most attachments can be associated with superficial osteological features (scars or delimitable surfaces); attachments that lack such features are direct. Most aponeurotic attachments are associated with rugose scarring whereas tendinous attachments are often associated with smooth surfaces. Although most attachments can be associated with osteological features the areal extent of attachment is often not inferrable from the bone. The inference of muscle size or functional significance from osteological features is problematic. The amount of myological information that can be deciphered from the osteology in Canis and Ursus is greater than that reported for particular members of other vertebrate groups which suggests that there may be differences in the degree to which muscles can be reconstructed from superficial osteology alone. Nonetheless, even in mammals such as the Carnivora, detailed muscular reconstructions in extinct taxa cannot be achieved without reference to the musculature of extant relatives. Such reconstructions rely on assumptions, that often have not been adequately tested, regarding the similarity of musculature in closely related taxa. This testing and well corroborated hypotheses of phylogenetic relationship are essential for the evaluation of the accuracy of reconstructions of the musculature in fossil vertebrates.
在犬科动物和熊科动物中，肩部和臂部肌肉附着于肩胛骨和肱骨的最大比例是直接附着；腱膜性或腱性附着较少。在这两个属中，大多数附着可与表面骨骼特征（疤痕或可界定的表面）相关联；缺乏此类特征的附着是直接附着。大多数腱膜性附着与粗糙的疤痕有关，而腱性附着通常与光滑表面有关。虽然大多数附着可与骨骼特征相关联，但附着的面积范围通常无法从骨骼推断出来。从骨骼特征推断肌肉大小或功能意义存在问题。从犬科动物和熊科动物的骨骼学中可以解读出的肌学信息比其他脊椎动物群体的特定成员所报告的要多，这表明仅从表面骨骼学重建肌肉的程度可能存在差异。尽管如此，即使在食肉目等哺乳动物中，如果不参考现存亲属的肌肉组织，也无法在已灭绝的分类群中实现详细的肌肉重建。这种重建依赖于关于密切相关分类群中肌肉组织相似性的假设，而这些假设往往没有得到充分检验。这种检验以及经过充分证实的系统发育关系假设对于评估化石脊椎动物肌肉组织重建的准确性至关重要。
