Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
Aquat Toxicol. 2018 Aug;201:66-72. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.024. Epub 2018 May 29.
Phenols are classified as polar narcotics, which are thought to cause toxicity by non-specific mechanisms, possibly by disrupting membrane structure and function. Here we test three phenolic chemicals, phenol, 2,4-dichlorphenol and pentachlorophenol on embryo development, heartbeat rate and mitochondrial respiration in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). While these chemicals have been used on isolated mitochondria, they have not yet been used to verify respiration in intact embryos. Mitochondrial respiration in intact embryos was measured after optimizing the Seahorse XFe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Heartbeat rate and mitochondrial respiration patterns of fathead minnow embryos at different developmental stages were also characterized. Exposures of embryos at developmental stage 20 occurred for 24 h with five concentrations of each phenolic compound ranging from 0.85 to 255 μM for phenol, 0.49 to 147 μM for 2,4-dichlorophenol and 0.3 to 90 μM for pentachlorophenol. Exposure to phenol at the concentrations tested had no effects on development, heartbeat or mitochondrial respiration. However, both 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol showed dose-dependent effects on development, heartbeat rate, and mitochondrial respiration, with the effects occurring at lower concentrations of pentachlorophenol, compared to 2,4-dichlorophenol, highlighting the higher toxicity of the more chlorinated phenols. Both 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol decreased basal mitochondrial respiration of embryos and ATP production. These results indicate that higher chlorinated phenolic chemicals cause developmental toxicity in fathead minnow embryos by decreasing mitochondrial respiration and heartbeat rate.
酚类被归类为极性麻醉剂，据认为它们通过非特异性机制引起毒性，可能通过破坏膜结构和功能。在这里，我们测试了三种酚类化学物质，苯酚、2,4-二氯苯酚和五氯苯酚，对胚胎发育、心跳率和脂鲤（Pimephales promelas）的线粒体呼吸的影响。虽然这些化学物质已经在分离的线粒体上使用过，但它们尚未用于验证完整胚胎中的呼吸作用。在优化 Seahorse XFe24 细胞外通量分析仪后，测量了完整胚胎中的线粒体呼吸。还描述了不同发育阶段的脂鲤胚胎的心跳率和线粒体呼吸模式。胚胎在发育阶段 20 时暴露 24 小时，每种酚类化合物的五个浓度范围为 0.85 至 255 μM 的苯酚、0.49 至 147 μM 的 2,4-二氯苯酚和 0.3 至 90 μM 的五氯苯酚。在测试的浓度下，苯酚暴露对发育、心跳或线粒体呼吸没有影响。然而，2,4-二氯苯酚和五氯苯酚都表现出剂量依赖性的发育、心跳率和线粒体呼吸效应，且五氯苯酚的作用浓度低于 2,4-二氯苯酚，突出了更多氯化酚类的更高毒性。2,4-二氯苯酚和五氯苯酚都降低了胚胎的基础线粒体呼吸和 ATP 产生。这些结果表明，更高氯化的酚类化学物质通过降低线粒体呼吸和心跳率引起脂鲤胚胎的发育毒性。
