Khan Asmat Ullah, Akram Muhammad, Daniyal Muhammad, Zainab Rida
a Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Neuropsychobiology , Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP) , São Paulo , Brazil.
b Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, School of Medical and Health Sciences , The University of Poonch Rawalakot , Rawalakot, Pakistan.
Int J Neurosci. 2019 Jan;129(1):55-93. doi: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1486837. Epub 2018 Nov 22.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second common progressive neurodegenerative disease, distressing older men and is prevalent Worldwide.
This article is aimed to review the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and management of PD.
A google search was performed to recognise studies that review the characteristics of PD. Search terms included 'Parkinson's disease', 'epidemiology', 'etiology', 'pathogenesis', 'clinical manifestations', 'diagnosis' and 'management of Parkinson disease'.
PD is linked to factors such as environmental chemicals, aging, family history and pesticide exposure such as the use of synthetic heroin. PD is characterised clinically by tremors at rest, postural instability, expressionless countenance, lead pipe rigidity and less commonly cognitive impairment. After 60 years of age, PD is commonly prevalent in 1-% of the population, no racial differences are apparent, but the prevalence of PD is more common in men than women. There has also been a better understanding that the disorder may be linked with major non-motor trouble in addition to the additional generally recognised motor complications. There are various management options for the timely management of PD. As the ailment advances, further management strategies are existing; however, the management of non-motor manifestations and late stage motor complications remains mainly testing and will advantage from additional clinical studies.
In this article, we have discussed current progress in the understanding of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis and management strategies of the disease.
帕金森病（PD）是第二常见的进行性神经退行性疾病，困扰着老年男性，在全球范围内普遍存在。
本文旨在综述帕金森病的流行病学、病因、发病机制、临床表现、诊断和管理。
通过谷歌搜索来识别综述帕金森病特征的研究。搜索词包括“帕金森病”“流行病学”“病因”“发病机制”“临床表现”“诊断”和“帕金森病的管理”。
帕金森病与环境化学物质、衰老、家族史以及农药接触（如使用合成海洛因）等因素有关。临床上，帕金森病的特征是静止性震颤、姿势不稳、表情淡漠、铅管样强直，较少见的还有认知障碍。60岁以后，帕金森病在1%的人群中普遍存在，没有明显的种族差异，但男性帕金森病的患病率高于女性。人们也更好地认识到，除了通常公认的运动并发症外，该疾病可能还与主要的非运动问题有关。帕金森病有多种及时管理的选择。随着病情进展，还有进一步的管理策略；然而，非运动表现和晚期运动并发症的管理仍然主要具有挑战性，并且将受益于更多的临床研究。
在本文中，我们讨论了对该疾病的流行病学、临床表现、发病机制和管理策略的理解方面的当前进展。
