Radiative and heterogeneous chemical effects of aerosols on ozone and inorganic aerosols over East Asia.

Currently, many challenges are faced in simulating ozone(O), sulfate(SO), and nitrate(NO) concentrations over East Asia, particularly the overestimation of surface O and NO concentrations and underestimation of the SO concentration during haze episodes. In this study, we examined the radiative and heterogeneous chemical effects of aerosols by incorporating recently reported mechanisms, including self-amplifying SO formation, dinitrogen pentoxide (NO) hydrolysis, and a heterogeneous reaction converting gaseous nitric acid (HNO) to nitric oxide (NO), into a Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System. Uptakes by aerosols can be computed through a simple parameterization that is dependent on the aerosol core and shell species, shell thickness, and amount of aerosol liquid water. In this study, a 1-year simulation was conducted for 2013. The updated model successfully reproduced the seasonal and daily observations of O, fine particulate matter, SO, and NO concentrations in East Asia. Our results revealed that heterogeneous reactions reduced more surface O concentrations (10-20 ppbv) in the polluted regions of East China than did perturbations in photolysis frequencies from aerosols, effectively again improving the comparison between simulations and observations. Oxidation of SO by NO on wet aerosols significantly enhanced SO formation, with sulfate covering approximately ~30-60% of total sulfate concentrations in North China Plain during haze days in winter. The uptake of reactive nitrogen species on aerosols effectively reduced NO concentrations and successfully balanced the NO/HNO chemistry in the models. We recommended that larger reductions of gaseous precursors should be considered in China to achieve the national air quality objective. The results show that surface O concentrations over East China will increase if the emission of aerosols is reduced without corresponding reductions in O precursors.