Silverman Michael J, Schwartzberg Edward T
School of Music, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Psychol Rep. 2019 Aug;122(4):1297-1312. doi: 10.1177/0033294118781937. Epub 2018 Jun 11.
Information is often paired with music to facilitate memory and learning. However, there is a lack of basic research investigating how visual and auditory presentation styles and musical elements might facilitate recall. The purpose of this study is to isolate and determine the effects of visual and auditory presentation styles and musical elements on working memory as measured by sequential monosyllabic digit recall performance. Recall was tested on 60 undergraduate university students during six different conditions: (a) Visual + Auditory Chant, (b) Visual + Auditory Melody, (c) Visual + Auditory Speech, (d) Auditory Chant, (e) Auditory Melody, and (f) Auditory Speech. There was a significant interaction between presentation style and musical element conditions. There were significant differences between auditory and visual + auditory conditions in the melody and speech conditions but not in the chant condition. In all cases, the auditory condition had more accurate recall than the visual + auditory condition, with recall differences largest during the speech condition. There was no significant difference between chant and melody but significant differences between chant and speech and melody and speech in the visual + auditory condition. In the auditory condition, recall accuracy was lower for speech than for melody or chant. There was no significant difference between chant and melody, chant and speech, or melody and speech in the visual + auditory condition. Congruent with existing research, the addition of visual input likely overloaded working memory resulting in worse recall. Implications for clinical practice, limitations, and suggestions for future research are provided.
信息通常与音乐相结合以促进记忆和学习。然而，缺乏基础研究来探究视觉和听觉呈现方式以及音乐元素如何促进记忆回想。本研究的目的是分离并确定视觉和听觉呈现方式以及音乐元素对工作记忆的影响，工作记忆通过顺序单音节数字回忆表现来衡量。在六种不同条件下对60名本科大学生进行了回忆测试：(a)视觉+听觉圣歌，(b)视觉+听觉旋律，(c)视觉+听觉语音，(d)听觉圣歌，(e)听觉旋律，以及(f)听觉语音。呈现方式和音乐元素条件之间存在显著交互作用。在旋律和语音条件下，听觉条件与视觉+听觉条件之间存在显著差异，但在圣歌条件下不存在。在所有情况下，听觉条件下的回忆比视觉+听觉条件下更准确，在语音条件下回忆差异最大。在视觉+听觉条件下，圣歌和旋律之间没有显著差异，但圣歌和语音以及旋律和语音之间存在显著差异。在听觉条件下，语音的回忆准确性低于旋律或圣歌。在视觉+听觉条件下，圣歌和旋律、圣歌和语音或旋律和语音之间没有显著差异。与现有研究一致，视觉输入的添加可能使工作记忆过载，导致回忆更差。文中提供了对临床实践的启示、局限性以及对未来研究的建议。
