Contrast induced nephropathy after coronary or vascular intervention: More biomarkers than answers.

Rising urine NGAL and serum creatinine after 48 hr are potentially useful in predicting persistent creatinine increase in patients with contrast-induced AKI. Urinary NGAL may allow for early identification of a high-risk cohort following PCI. Future studies are needed to determine whether renal biomarkers are affected by clinical variables, such as heart failure acute mechanical circulatory support (AMCS) and whether they can be used to identify patients who would benefit from either AMCS reno-protection during PCI remains unknown.