Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, via F. De Sanctis, I-86100 Campobasso, Italy; Institute of Ecotoxicology & Environmental Sciences, Kolkata, India.
Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
Sci Total Environ. 2018 Nov 15;642:137-147. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.059. Epub 2018 Jun 18.
Smoking activities still represent the main, and preventable, cause of lung cancer risk worldwide. For this reason, a number of studies were carried out to deepen and better characterize the emission of cigarette-generated mainstream aerosols in order to perform an a-priori evaluation of the particle doses and related lung cancer risks received by active smokers. On the contrary, a gap of knowledge still exists in evaluating the dose and risk received by passive smokers in indoor private micro-environments (e.g. homes). For this purpose, in the present paper, an experimental campaign was performed to evaluate the exposure to second-hand aerosol from conventional and electronic cigarettes and to estimate the consequent dose received by passive smokers/vapers and the related lung cancer risk. Measurements of exposure levels in terms of particle number, PM and black carbon concentrations, as well as particle size distributions, were performed in a naturally ventilated indoor environment during smoking activities of tobacco and electronic cigarettes. The particle emission rates of smokers and vapers, for the different aerosol metrics under investigation, were evaluated. Moreover, for a typical exposure scenario, the dose received by the passive smokers/vapers in a naturally ventilated indoor micro-environment was estimated through a Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) model able to assess the particle dose received in the different tracts of the respiratory systems. Furthermore, on the basis of scientific literature data about mass fraction of carcinogenic compounds contained in cigarette-emitted particles (i.e. Heavy Metals, Benzo-a-pyrene and nitrosamines) and the estimated doses, the excess life cancer risk (ELCR) for passive smokers/vapers was evaluated. Cumulative respiratory doses for passive smokers were up to 15-fold higher than for passive vapers. The ELCR for second-hand smokers was five orders of magnitude larger than for second-hand vapers.
吸烟活动仍然是全球范围内导致肺癌风险的主要（可预防）因素。出于这个原因，进行了许多研究以深入了解和更好地描述香烟主流气溶胶的排放，以便对主动吸烟者接受的颗粒剂量和相关肺癌风险进行预先评估。相反，在评估室内私人微环境（例如家庭）中被动吸烟者接受的剂量和风险方面，仍然存在知识差距。为此，在本文中，进行了一项实验活动，以评估来自传统和电子烟的二手气溶胶的暴露情况，并估计被动吸烟者/使用者接收到的相应剂量和相关肺癌风险。在吸烟活动期间，在自然通风的室内环境中测量了颗粒物数量、PM 和黑碳浓度以及颗粒物分布等方面的暴露水平。评估了吸烟者和使用者在不同气溶胶指标下的颗粒排放率。此外，对于典型的暴露场景，通过能够评估呼吸系统不同部位接收到的颗粒剂量的多路径颗粒剂量学（MPPD）模型，估算了自然通风室内微环境中被动吸烟者/使用者接收到的剂量。此外，基于关于香烟排放颗粒中包含的致癌化合物（即重金属、苯并芘和亚硝胺）的质量分数以及估计剂量的科学文献数据，评估了被动吸烟者/使用者的超额寿命癌症风险（ELCR）。被动吸烟者的累积呼吸道剂量比被动使用者高 15 倍。二手烟者的 ELCR 比二手烟者高出五个数量级。
